Refers to the surrounding circumstances, or conditions that help explain and give meaning to a text. It's like the background factors that help us understand what we're reading on a deeper level.

This includes the author's personal life, education, beliefs, and other works. It encompasses how their upbringing, and life experiences might have shaped the text.

Refers to the time period in which a text was written or set. It encompasses the historical events, time frame and circumstances that influenced the text.

Refers to the customs, traditions, values, beliefs and way of life of the society in which a text is situated or in which the author belongs to.

Refers to how language is used in a literary text. It is about how the choice of words, phrases, syntax, and dialogue work together in a text to show meaning and hidden details.