the natural or artificial process of promoting the reproduction and survival offish. This is the foundation of aquaculture-without fry or fingerlings, cultivation cannot continue.

Fish reproduce naturally without human intervention.

Combines both natural and artificial methods. Fish are allowed to spawn naturally, but their reproduction is aided by human intervention such as preparing the environment, improving water quality, or providing nesting/spawning materials.

Fish are induced to reproduce outside their natural cycle. This is achieved through hormone injection or using pituitary extracts from similar fish species.

the practice of raising fish under controlled conditions for food supply, livelihood, or business.

Traditional method with minimal management. Fish rely mostly on natural food from the pond, river, or lake.

Combination of natural productivity and some supplemental feeding.

Fish are induced to reproduce outside their natural cycle. Fish are dependent on the feed provided and water must be replenished at a high rate to maintain oxygen levels and remove waste.

Refers to the protection, wise use, and sustainable management of fish resources to ensure that present and future generations can benefit from them. It involves practices that help maintain the balance of aquatic ecosystems and prevent the depletion of fish populations.

the world's smallest commercially harvested fish, found only in the lakes of Camarines Sur in the Bicol Region, Philippines.

the world's only known exclusively freshwater sardine species, and it is endemic to Taal Lake in Batangas, Philippines.

threatened by illegal trade and habitat loss. they face threats from the illegal international trade for traditional Chinese medicine and aquariums, despite national protection laws.

All five species found in Philippine waters are threatened, including the hawksbill, green, loggerhead, olive ridley, and leatherback turtles.

also known as a sea cow, is a vulnerable marine mammal that feeds on seagrass.

These critically endangered dolphins are found in areas like Malampaya Sound and Panay, but their numbers are declining due to various threats.

These unique fish are characterized by their saw-like snouts and are listed as a threatened species.

A designated area where fishing is prohibited or strictly regulated to protect breeding grounds and allow fish populations to recover. Helps preserve natural habitats and promotes sustainable fishing.

A management strategy where fishing is allowed only during specific times of the year (open season) and prohibited during breeding or spawning periods (closed season).

Helps fish reproduce and grow, ensuring long-term availability.

open and closed season