Abraham Maslow | Quizalize

Chapter 7 - Review Data and Decision Making *Glow bus due at midnight, name and student number: answer questions using content in class People have created wonderful things for centuries, and management Management can be traced as far back as 500 bc when the ancient Sumerians used written records to improve government and business activities Why is it important to lean from the past Not to repeat our mistakes Classical management approaches Scientific management Administrative Principles Bureaucratic organisation Behavioural Management Approaches Follett’s Organizations as communities The Hawthorne studies Maslow’s theory of human needs Mcgregor’s Theory x and Theory Y Argyris Personality and organisation Modern Management foundations Organises as systems Contingency thinking Quality management Quantitative and analysis and tools Evidence-based management Contributions Frederick Taylor - Father of Scientific management He noticed that workers often did their jobs with wasted motions and without a constant approach. His resulted in inefficiency and low performance He believed the problem could be fixed if workers were taught to do their jobs in the best ways and ten were helped and guided by supervisors Four guiding principles of scientific management Rules of motion, standardized work and proper working conditions Select workers with the right abilities Train workers and give them incentives Support workers by planning and smoothing the way as they do their work Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Pioneered use of motitono studies as a management tool In one famous case, the gilbreaths cut down the number of motions used by bricklayers adn tripled their productivity Contributions from scientific management Make results-based compensation a performance incentive Carefully design jobs with efficient work methods Carefully select workers with the ability to perform the job Trian workers to execute activities to the best of their abilities Train supervisors to support workers so they can perform jobs to the best of their abilities Classical Management Adiminstative principle (Henro Fayol) 1919, after a career in French industry, Henri F published “adminisration Industrielle et Generale” (General and industrial management) in which we out like his views on the management of organiztion and workers Rules and duties in management Foresight - to complete a plan of action for the future Organization - To provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan Common- to lead, select and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan Coordination- to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved Control- to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action Classical management Bureacratic organiztion (Max Weber) Max weber (Bureaucrativ organization) - late 19th century German political economist who had a major impact in the fields of management and sociology Bureaucratic Organization An ideal, intentionally rational adn very efficient form of organization Based on the principles of logic, order and legitimate authority Characteristics of BO Clear division of labour Clear hierarchy of authority Formal rules and procedure Impersonality Careers based on merit What are some disadvantages of bureaucracy Takes a long time for problems to become solved bec there are procedures and there is a chain of people in command Having the power Rules have to follow Excessive paperwork or “red tape” Slowness in handling problems Rigidity in the face of shifting needs Resistance to change Employee apathy Behavioural Management Approaches (focus on understanding the elements that affect human behaviour in organisations) Follett’s Organizations as communites Mary park follett contributed to the transition from classical thinking inot behavioural management Groups and human cooperation Groups allow individuales too combine their talents for a greater good Organizations are cooperating “communites” of managers adn workers Managers job is to help people copperate and achive an integration of goals and intrests Forward-looking managment insight: Making every emploee an owner creates a sense of collective responsibility Prescursor of employrr ownership, profit sharing and gain sharing Buniess problems invovle a varity of inter realted factors Prescursor of systems thinking Private profits realtive to public good Precursor of managerial ethics and social respinsibility Hawthorne studies Took place at western electric chicago plan, a tran led by Harvards Elton Mayo set out to learn how econmic incentives and workplace conditions affected workers output Maing objective Intial study examined how ecomoin incentives adn physical conditions affected worker output (productivity) No consistent relationship found During experientmetn they had 2 groups The expertiant groups (impoved wokring ocnditions ) The control group ( no changes to original working conidtions) No consitant relationship found, perfomance in both groups increased even after removing incentives Social setting and human relations Concluded New “social setting” led workers to do good job Good “Human relations” = higher productivity The contect - The Great Depression (1929-1940) Employee attitudes and groups processes Osme thinsf satisifed some workers but not others People resticited output to adhere to groups norms (Avoid layoffs) Lessons from he hawthrone stufirs Social and human concerns are keys to prductivity Hawthrone effect - People who are singled out for special attention perform as expected Maslow’s Theory of human needs Human needs The work of psychologist Abraham Maslow in the area if human “needs,” also has had a major impact in the behavioual apporach to management Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs Self actualization needs Higherst level: need foe self fulfillment to grow and use abilites to fullest and most creative extent Esteem needs Needs fro esteem in eyes of others need for respect, prestige, recognition; need for self esteem, personal sense of competence, mastery Social needs Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in ones relationship either other people Safett needs Need for security, protection and stability in teh events of day to day life Physiological needs Most basic of all human needs: need for biological maintence; food, water and phydical well being Principles Defict principle: A satidifed need is not a motivator of behaviour Progress principles: A need becomes a motivator once the preceding lower-level need is satisfied Both principles cease to operate at self actulilzation level McGregor’s Theories Thepry x assumes that workers; Dislike work Lack ambition Are irresponsible Resist change Prefer to be led Theoyry y assumes that workers are Willing to work Willing to accept responsibility Capable of self control Capable of self direction Imaginative and creative According to McGregor, Managers create: Self fulfilling prophecies Implications of Theory x and y Theory x managers: Create situations where workers become dependent, passive and reluctant Theory y managers create situations where workers respond with initiative and high performance Central to notions of empowerment and self management Argyris’s theory of adult personality Classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality Management practices should accommodate the mature personality: Increasing task responsibility Increasing task variety Using participative decision making Modern Management Foundation Quantitative analysis and Tools Analytics: the use of large data bases and mathematics to solve problems and make informed decision using systematic analysis Organization as systems System Collection of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose Subsystem A smaller component of a larger system Open systems Organisations that interact with their environment Contingency thinking Tires to maths managerial responses with problem (situation) No “one best way” to manage The “appropriate way to to manage depends on the situations Quality management Qality anc competitive advantafe are linked Total quality managment (TQM) Comprehensive approach to contiou impovment on teh entire organization ISO certification Gloval quality management standards Refine and upgrade quality to meet ISO requirments Evidednce Based Managment Making management decision on “hard facts” about what really works

Maak 'n 10 vraag quiz oor die volgende: 1. **B.F. Skinner (Behaviorisme):** Skinner se operante kondisioneringsteorie beklemtoon die rol van versterking en straf in die vorming van gedrag. In die konteks van huistaalontwikkeling kan ouers positiewe versterking, soos lof en aanmoediging, gebruik om taalvaardighede te versterk. Byvoorbeeld, om 'n kind te prys vir die gebruik van nuwe woorde of die vorming van sinne kan bydra tot die versterking van taalverwerwing. 2. **Ivan Pavlov (Behaviorisme):** Pavlov se klassieke kondisioneringsteorie fokus op die verband tussen stimuli en reaksies. In die huislike omgewing kan konsekwente blootstelling aan taalryke stimuli, soos om boeke te lees of gesprekke te voer, help om positiewe assosiasies met taal te skep. Dit kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van 'n kind se taalvaardighede deur herhaalde blootstelling aan linguistiese stimuli. 3. **Jean Piaget (Kognitivisme en Konstruktivisme):** Piaget se kognitiewe ontwikkelingsteorie beklemtoon stadiums van intellektuele groei by kinders. In die huis kan ouers Piaget se idees toepas deur ouderdomsgepaste aktiwiteite en taalervarings te verskaf wat ooreenstem met 'n kind se kognitiewe stadium. Daarbenewens dui Piaget se konstruktivistiese perspektief daarop dat kinders hul begrip van taal aktief opbou deur interaksie en verkenning binne hul huislike omgewing. 4. **Lev Vygotsky (Kognitivisme en Konstruktivisme):** Vygotsky se sosiokulturele teorie beklemtoon die sosiale aard van leer en die belangrikheid van sosiale interaksies. In 'n huislike omgewing kan ouers 'n deurslaggewende rol in taalontwikkeling speel deur aan gesprekke, storievertelling en ander taalryke interaksies deel te neem. Die sone van proksimale ontwikkeling (ZPD) konsep dui daarop dat taalleer die doeltreffendste is wanneer dit binne 'n kind se ontwikkelingsgebied plaasvind, met ondersteuning van meer kundige individue, soos ouers. 5. **Jerome Bruner (Kognitivisme en Konstruktivisme):** Bruner se konstruktivistiese teorie beklemtoon die rol van aktiewe leer en ontdekking. In die huis kan ouers taalontwikkeling fasiliteer deur 'n omgewing te skep wat verkenning, gesprek en praktiese ervarings aanmoedig. Bruner se spiraalkurrikulumkonsep stel ook voor dat taalonderwerpe oor tyd herbesoek en uitgebrei word, wat bydra tot 'n kind se dieper begrip en bemeestering van taalvaardighede. 6. **Abraham Maslow (Humanisme):** Maslow se hiërargie van behoeftes identifiseer die belangrikheid daarvan om basiese behoeftes te vervul voor hoërvlakbehoeftes, insluitend selfaktualisering. In die huis spreek die verskaffing van 'n ondersteunende en koesterende omgewing 'n kind se basiese emosionele behoeftes aan, wat 'n gevoel van veiligheid bevorder wat bevorderlik is vir taalontwikkeling. Maslow se beginsels beklemtoon die belangrikheid daarvan om 'n positiewe en emosioneel veilige huislike omgewing vir optimale taalonderrig te skep. 7. **Carl Rogers (Humanisme):** Rogers se persoongesentreerde benadering beklemtoon empatie, egtheid en onvoorwaardelike positiewe agting. In die huis kan die toepassing van hierdie beginsels op kommunikasie 'n veilige ruimte skep vir kinders om hulself uit te druk. Ouers wat 'n kliëntgesentreerde kommunikasiestyl aanneem, kan gesonde taalontwikkeling bevorder deur oop dialoog aan te moedig en 'n positiewe houding teenoor taaluitdrukking te bevorder. 8. **George Siemens (Konnektivisme):** Siemens se konnektivismeteorie fokus op die belangrikheid van netwerke en verbintenisse in leer. In 'n tuisomgewing kan die benutting van tegnologie en sosiale netwerke kinders blootstel aan uiteenlopende taalinsette en -ervarings. Konnektivisme moedig die verkenning van verskeie hulpbronne aan, insluitend aanlyn taalmateriaal en interaktiewe taalleerhulpmiddels, om 'n kind se taalvaardighede te verbeter. 9. **Albert Bandura (Sosiale Leer):** Bandura se sosiale leerteorie beklemtoon die rol van waarneming en nabootsing in leer. In die huis leer kinders taal deur hul ouers en versorgers waar te neem en na te boots. Die modellering van behoorlike taalgebruik, gesprekvoering en die skep van 'n taalryke atmosfeer tuis dra by tot die sosiale aanleer van taalvaardighede. 10. **Howard Gardner (Multiple Intelligences):** Gardner se teorie van veelvuldige intelligensies dui daarop dat individue verskillende maniere het om intelligensie te leer en uit te druk. In die huis kan die erkenning en koestering van verskeie taalintelligensies, soos verbale-linguistiese of interpersoonlike intelligensies, 'n kind se unieke taalontwikkeling ondersteun. Die verskaffing van uiteenlopende taalervarings, soos storievertelling, drama of musiek, kan voorsiening maak vir verskillende taalkundige sterkpunte.

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