Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Spread of agricultural techniques from one civilization to another

areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

later half of 20th century.

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the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans; differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals.

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

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Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.

A grass that yields grain for food

The circular form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures.

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

a class of agricultural, or an animal husbandry, enterprise for, long-term production of milk, usually from cows but also from goats, sheep, and camels, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a factory for processing and eventual retail sales

A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Combination of droughts and growing population in the Sahel means the Sahara is expanding southward.

loss of topsoil, increased soil salinity, damaged vegetation, regional climate change, decline in biodiversity

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

to grow two or more crops on the same land

farms are divided into number of fields- each field planted on a planned cycle (often of several years), nutrients restored by letting a field fallow. two field crop rotation-three field-four field by 18th century

A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output

Using a large amount of land to farm food for the farmer's family to eat.

The mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which lowers the profits for farmers.This had led to the decrease in small farms.

Farmers didn't have enough money

a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market

The technique, occupation, or diversion of catching fish. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society.

People's ability to access sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species

Globalization affects agriculture through the improvements in transportation and communications technologies.

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Seed of a cereal grass

farmers who move from pieces of land to another and farm for hobby

Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.

the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment

Supplying land with water through a network of canals

domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit

Refers to a food production system where food (crops and animals) are produced locally for local consumption.

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

commercial gardening and fruit farming named because "truck" means bartering

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

Method of farming in which soil is not tilled but instead is planted by insertion of seeds in small slits, minimizing the amount of loose soil and, therefore, soil erosion

production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers

harvesting fish to the point that species are depleted and the value of the fishery reduced

Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.

A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

A designation assigned by U.S. Department of Agriculture defining land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also available for these land uses.

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

west us- square, circles, longlots- Texas, Quebec, and Ontario

A flooded field for growing rice

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.

Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

The form of subsistence agriculture in which crops are grown in different fields on a rotating basis. Also called shifting agriculture or slash-and-burn agriculture

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

all the plants and trees in an area

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth