The movement challenged the authority of established churches.

See image

a gov. where the citizens rule through their elected representatives.

Farmers in western MA protested state taxes; showed Articles were too weak because there was no mechanism to call arms/ troops.

Demanded representation for the frontier; failed and ended use of indentured servants.

Widely read pamphlet said independence would allow America to trade more freely and allow America to create a better society.

Settled by fur trappers and traders.

Basis of Declaration of Independence (life liberty and property)

A series of religious revivals aimed to restore the intensity and dedication of early Puritans throughout the colonies.

Caused American/ French alliance against British.

Ended French and Indian War, removes France from North America.

Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Last attempt to reconcile with Great Britain, document meant as peace offering.

1754; early discussions about colonies becoming independent.

First tax designed to make colonists pay off war debt from French and Indian War.

Stop buying to make a political/ social statement

Asserted full right to "bind colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever."

Set up throughout the colonies to communicate British threats to American liberties.

1774 response to Boston rowdiness (Tea Party); shut down Boston Harbor, Quartering Act, Martial Law

British commanders could house their soldiers in colonist's homes.

Declaration of colonial rights to defend themselves against British force and declare right to run colonial affairs.

Civilian soldiers who pledged to be ready to fight against the British on a minute's notice

Ended Revolutionary War, US owns everything east of the Mississippi

Recognized colonial militia as the Continental Army and George Washington its' leader.

The people consent to choose and obey a government in exchange for natural rights.

Relaxed enforcement of trading regulations on colonies that ended with French and Indian War

Valued reason and scientific method

Writer of the Declaration of Independence

Life Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness

Opposed independence and remained loyal to the British king

Supporters of independence.

First major battle of the Revolutionary War; deadliest battle of war.

Preached that it was not enough for people to simply come to church. In order to be saved, they must feel their sinfulness and feel God's love for them.

Hired German mercenaries

Harsh winter showed morale of troops and loyalty of soldiers to Washington in this camp.

Money that was useless to pay American troops

Commander of French troops in American Revolution

British general at Yorktown; surrenders and effectively ends war

Cause of the French and Indian War.

a belief in the equality of all people; regardless wealth or family background

First visible tax that was constant reminder to colonists they were paying off Britian's war debt.

First representative body in colonial America.

Allowed for Congress to have a procedure for dividing the land into 3-5 new states and future new states.

Known for harsh drilling to train troops and improving camp conditions.

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

amendment that officially BANNED SLAVERY in the US

amendment that granted CITIZENSHIP to African-Americans

amendment that gave VOTING rights to African-American MEN

economic method that was used in the South after the war; did not allow African-Americans to move up in society

laws that were passed to limit African-American freedoms in the South after the Civil War

Northern Republicans who went to the South to make $$$ and rebuild

white Southern Republicans who supported the North during the war

created in 1865 by congress; provided support for the poor in the South, especially EDUCATION

group of members of Congress who wanted the Federal government to PUNISH the South after the war

assassin of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln's vice president, was impeached because Congress thought he was abusing his power

the act of charging and trying someone with wrongdoing in public office; requires 2/3rds of Senate to pass and remove president

Another name for the Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction

process of reuniting the country and rebuilding the South after the Civil War

name for Congress' plan for Reconstruction; more harsh than President's

President during the Panic of 1873, battled corruption in his cabinet

an agreement between Republicans & Democrats that ENDED Reconstruction

man who became president after the Compromise of 1877, Republican

group of white Southerners who intimidated and used violence to prevent African Americans from achieving equality in the South after the Civil War

required Southern states to approve new constitutions and set up a five districts led by Union generals to keep the peace

one of the closest elections in US History; caused the end of Reconstruction

Reconstruction plan that required 10% of the population to swear loyalty; granted amnesty to all Southerners except Confederate leaders; required new Constitution

scandal during Grant's presidency when his cabinet members siphoned tax money from alcohol into their own bank accounts

African Americans who leave the South to go west for a better life.

Gave free land to farmers and settlers of the plain to increase population West.

Leader of the Nez Perce who tried to escape reservations and US army for Canada.

Leader of the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn, resisted US army and reservations.

Tribes living within clearly defined zones, and the U.S. promised to provide food, goods and money and to protect them from attack by other tribes and white settlers.

Connected the East and West Coasts.

Minority group that built western branch of the Transcontinental Railroad under much discrimination.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony as a place to send debtors (poor) to work off debt

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Early, bloody conflict between English colonists and Native Americans

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Started in America, was a religious movement that renewed people's interest in religion

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes)

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

A refusal to buy or use goods and services.

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be governed

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

people who opposed the Constitution without a Bill of Rights

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government

Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Established judicial review

Asserted federal power over states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v Virginia); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)

Late 1700s - early 1800s, a period of social and economic change that took place as machines and large scale factory production developed.

The belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries

Valuing regional interests over the interest of the nation as a whole

based on industry

See image

See image

See image

invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

the production of goods in large quantities

developed by Eli Whitney

See image

based on agriculture

See image

See image

See image

invented by Eli Whitney

See image

See image

Speaker of the House, Created the American System.

See image

purpose was to unify the regions of the nation, had 3 parts: 1) develop transportation/infrastructure, 2) establish a protective tariff, 3) strengthen the National Bank

built in 1825

See image

1823

See image

See image

1820 admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state

See image

See image

See image

Ending slavery

Former slave who wrote about abolition in his newspaper, The North Star

Supreme Court Case which ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory and supported the Cherokees.

woman who pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

A series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800s that led to social and moral reforms.

A nineteenth-century movement that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

the making of cloth

A tax on imported goods

Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government

Killed by Jackson as an elitist institution that did not help the common man

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma