Following the end of Reconstruction, African-American people living in the South became increasingly disillusioned as they faced new Jim Crow laws, poor economic opportunities, and outright violence. Increasingly, African Americans moved to the North and West. In the 1920s alone, over 750,000 African Americans moved out of the South. How did their migration change the politics of the United States?

In the 1890s, the number of African Americans moving to the Northeast and the Midwest was double that of the previous decade. In 1910, it doubled again, then again in 1920. In the 1920s, more than 750,000 African Americans left the South, a greater movement of people than had occurred in the Irish potato famine of the 1840s. Immigration: Africans, a presentation of Library of Congress How did the Great Migration during the World War I era shape cities and society?

How did the outbreak of war in Europe in the late 1930s affect politics within the United States?

We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. President John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962 Why did President Kennedy decide to focus U.S. resources on going to the moon?

We now stand 10 years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. . . . Despite these holocausts, America is today the strongest, the most influential, and most productive nation in the world. . . . we yet realize that America′s leadership and prestige depend not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches, and military strength but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment. . . . A vital element in keeping the peace is our Military Establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction. . . . now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, 12 3 million men and women are directly engaged in the Defense Establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations. This conjunction of an immense Military Establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. President Dwight Eisenhower, “Farewell to the Nation,” January 17, 1961 Courtesy of Internet History Sourcebooks Project, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall According to Eisenhower′s speech, how did U.S. involvements in war affect the national economy?

These young people . . . have been shut off from the common labor . . . which is a great source of moral and physical health. They feel a fatal want of harmony between their theory and their lives, a lack of coordination between thought and action. I think it is hard for us to realize how seriously many of them are taking to the notion of human brotherhood, how eagerly they long to give tangible expression to the democratic ideal. These young men and women, longing to socialize their democracy, are animated by certain hopes . . . that if in a democratic country nothing can be permanently achieved save through the masses of the people, it will be impossible to establish a higher political life than the people themselves crave; . . . that the blessings which we associate with a life of refinement and cultivation can be made universal and must be made universal if they are to be permanent; that the good we secure for ourselves is precarious and uncertain, is floating in midair, until it is secured for all of us. . . . There is something primordial about these motives. . . . Nothing so deadens the sympathies and shrivels the power of enjoyment as the persistent keeping away from the great opportunities for helpfulness and a continual ignoring of the starvation struggle which makes up the life of at least half the race. To shut one’s self away from that half of the race life is to shut one’s self away from the most vital part of it; it is to live out but half the humanity to which we have been born heir and to use but half our faculties. We have all had longings for a fuller life which should include the use of these faculties. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 1910 Which statement expresses Jane Addams′s stated motive for founding Hull House in the late 1800's?

Movement has been its dominant fact, and, unless this training has no effect upon a people, the American energy will continually demand a wider field for its exercise. But never again will such gifts of free land offer themselves. . . . And now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history. “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” by Frederick Jackson Turner, 1893 Which kind of foreign policy does Turner′s thesis suggest as a result of the closing of the American frontier?

In 1920, after decades of activism for women′s suffrage, women gained the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. To what extent did this event affect the future of women′s rights in the United States?

How did World War II affect the workforce in the United States?

In 1906, Upton Sinclair wrote the novel The Jungle, which was based on the living and working conditions of immigrants. Sinclair focused on workers’ low wages as well as the unsanitary meatpacking conditions present in many of America′s factories. In 1906, partly due to The Jungle, Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act. How did Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, influence the role of the federal government?

Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement. Economic wounds must be healed by the action of the cells of the economic body—the producers and consumers themselves. Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union Herbert Hoover, December 2, 1930 How did President Herbert Hoover propose to resolve economic depression in the United States?

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. Excerpt from the Seventeenth Amendment, 1913 How was the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment a success for Progressive reformers who tried to reduce political corruption?

Two centuries ago our Nation’s birth was a milestone in the long quest for freedom, but the bold and brilliant dream which excited the founders of this Nation still awaits its [fulfillment]. I have no new dream to set forth today, but rather urge a fresh faith in the old dream. Excerpt from President Jimmy Carter′s Inaugural Address, 1977 Courtesy of The Avalon Project at Yale Law School How did the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaty, and the boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games demonstrate President Carter′s quest for freedom in foreign policy?

Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. “The Gospel of Wealth” by Andrew Carnegie, 1889 Which principle summarizes Carnegie’s philosophy as expressed in the excerpt?

Harlem Renaissance Timeline 1917—African-American publication The Messenger is founded 1920—Charles Sidney Gilpin performs lead role in The Emperor Jones 1921—Harry Pace founds the Black Swan Phonograph Corporation 1921—Musical revue Shuffle Along opens on Broadway 1922—Claude McKay’s novel Harlem Shadows published 1925—Survey Graphic magazine devotes an issue to the Harlem Renaissance How was the Harlem Renaissance a turning point for U.S. society?

How did economic opportunities encourage the Chinese and the Irish to immigrate to the West Coast?

Which scenario is most consistent with the concept of civil disobedience?

Social Darwinism  term used in nineteenth century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence  applied Darwinist concepts of survival of the fittest to social conditions  promotion of idea that government should not interfere  human competition by regulating the economy  support idea that government should not try to eliminate poverty How did Social Darwinism affect the social class structure of the late 1800s?

For the purpose of enabling each State to furnish financial assistance to aged needy individuals, . . . to needy dependent children, . . . promoting the health of mothers and children, especially in rural areas and in areas suffering from severe economic distress . . . services for locating crippled children and for providing medical, surgical, corrective, and other services and care, and facilities for diagnosis, hospitalization, and aftercare,. . . for the protection and care of homeless, dependent, and neglected children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent . . . Social Security Act, 1935 Which statement is consistent with the increased power of the federal government under the 1935 Social Security Act?

We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Chief Justice Earl Warren; majority decision, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) How did the decision in Brown v. Board of Education change the role of the government in public education?

How did television reporting on the Vietnam War affect American public opinion?

What was an impact of World War II on American politics?

Treat all men alike. Give them the same laws. Give them all an even chance to live and grow. All men were made by the same Great Spirit Chief. They are all brothers. The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it. You might as well expect all rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. Nez Percé Chief Joseph, Washington, D.C., 1879 Based on the quote above, which governmental policies did Chief Joseph oppose?