a novel or improved idea, device, product, etc. or the development thereof

A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.

A contraction of "Binary Digits". A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as 0 or 1.

A way of representing information using only two options.

maximum transmission capacity of the device expressed typically in metric multiples of bits per second

The numbers of Bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. EX: 8bits/per second.

the amount of time it takes for a bit to travel from sender to receiver

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.

The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand.

To write instructions for a computer.

Documents are how standards and protocols are defined and published for all to see on the IETF website.

a tangible physical system that is made to move information

A number assigned to any item that is connected to the internet.

small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information for the purpose of transmitting through a network

A computer which receives messages travelling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destinations based on the addressing information included with the messages.

Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and is usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.

The internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

Is the protocol used by the world wide web. It describes how messages are formatted and interchanged, and how web servers respond to commands.

Reducing information and detail to focus on essential characteristics.

A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data.

A computer that requests data stored on a computer.

a protocol for secure communication over a computer network which is widely used on the Internet.

an electronic document used to prove ownership of a public key.

pertaining to or being an incident in which a network of computers floods an online resource with high levels of unwanted traffic so that it is inaccessible to legitimate service requests

When you type a URL in your browser, your computer (the client) needs to "ask" the server that is storing the data and images for the web page to return its contents so your browser can display it.

When a server receives an HTTP request it will respond with a message of its own. Once again, the response will be sent entirely in ASCII-text and must be correctly formatted.

3 ways we send information

a thread of glass engineered to reflect light

an easy-to-remember address for calling a web page (like www.code.org)

the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers

8 bits

4 bits

a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible

a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data

data that describes other data. For example, a digital image my include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution

short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image

color model using varying intensities of red, green, and blue to produce colors

data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content

pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems

a computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. i.e. Average, Count, Sum

in most spreadsheet software it is the name of the tool used to create summary tables

A form of spyware. Collects information about the user or user activities in order to display advertisements in a web browser.

A set of instructions for solving a problem.

Refers to a complete and self-contained program that helps the user accomplish a specific task.

A branch of computer science with the focus on how to endow computers with capabilities of human intelligence. Can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human thought on computers

A program that automatically delivers information

The combination of procedures that can restore lost data in the event of hardware or software failure

Refers to the new versions of software or hardware that is compatible with earlier models or versions of the same product.

Measures how much data you can send in a given amount of time.

A facility for marking a specific place in electronic documentation to enable easy return to it. It is used in several types of software, including PDF files, electronic help files and tutorials within a program or online.

An error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result.

Is equal to eight bits.

Shared computing services provided on demand by computers accessed over the Internet.

Programming Instructions.

Refers to the ability of one device or program to work with another device or program.

The field of study concerned with constructing mathematical models and numerical solution techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific and engineering problems.

An academic field that studies the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.

The way a system is set up, or the assortment of components that make up the system. Can refer to either hardware or software, or the combination of both.

A set of exclusive rights regulating the use of a particular expression of an idea or information, including but not limited to art designs, computer software, books, documents etc.

Measures taken to protect a computer or computer system against unauthorized access or attack.

A computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually instantiated as processes.

Information stored on a computer.

The process of detecting and removing and/or correcting a database to increase data accuracy, reduce redundancy and enhance consistency of different sets of data that have been merged from separate databases.

A directory service that maps names to IP addresses.

The part of the URL that identifies a particular web page.

Refers to a malicious software or code that is considered to fall in the "grey area" between normal software and a virus. A term for which all other malicious or annoying software such as adware, spyware, trackware, and other malicious code and malicious shareware fall under.

A centralized server that delivers specific services to other networked computers.

The protocol by a browser program to communicate with a server program over the Internet.

A broad subject concerned with technology and other aspects of managing and processing information, especially in large organizations. In particular, it deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve information.

A defined means for a system to communicate with other systems. It is a boundary between a system and its environment providing ways of providing the system inputs and receiving outputs.

A network that accommodates several computers to facilitate exchange and transfer of data.

Packet delivery through an IP address to identify packets that include both a header and the message data itself.

A unique string of numbers separated by periods.

An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. It resembles C++, but was designed to avoid some of C++'s most notorious flaws.

The central part in most computer operating systems for the management of the system's resources and the communication between hardware and software components

A program that will search a system or a network, such as the Internet, seeking and retrieving information on behalf of a user and reporting back when it has found it

A network spanning a local area.

Measures the amount of time that it takes a message to go from its source to its destination.

An "antiquated" existing computer system or application program which continues to be used because the user does not want to replace or redesign it. Integration with newer systems may also be difficult because new software may use completely different technologies.

The internal storage location where data and information is stored on a computer.

Refers to information about data itself; perhaps the origin, size, formatting or other characteristics of a data item.

A group of computers connected to each other in order to send and receive data.

A United States government institution that collects data for security purposes.

The study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).

Provides the software platform required for various applications to run on.

The unit of data that is routed on a packet-switched network.

The type of network in which relatively small units of data are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each datagram.

A type of computer programs that interacts with a main application (a web browser or an email program, for example) to provide a certain, usually very specific, function.

In computer science, it is called software, applications program, or system software, and is an organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner.

A connecting component that enables two computers to allow data sharing. Like a USB.

An artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Often have syntactic and semantic rules used to define meaning.

A configuration of storage cells that hold data. It can also be processed by a central processing unit.

It is a storage system that saves data permanently.

A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

The programs used to direct the operations of a computer.

A connection-oriented transport layer protocol.

The two main sets of protocols used to communicate across the internet.

The address of a website.

A program uploaded onto your computer by an unknown that hinders processes.

Objects can take on any continuous value.

An attempt to represent an integer that exceeds the maximum allowable value.

An acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange; ASCII is an international standard for representing textual information in the majority of computers.

A base-2 positional numbering system.

A binary digit, 0 or 1.

The number of bits used to encode each sample during digitization.

An expression that can evaluate only to true or false.

Eight bits.

A branch of mathematics which operates on the values true and false.

A collection of logic gates (1) that transforms a set of binary inputs into a set of binary outputs and (2) where the values of the outputs depend only on the current values of the inputs; more properly called a combinational circuit.

Measures how much a compression scheme has reduced the storage requirements of the data.

A circuit used to make decisions and control the flow of execution.

The process of reducing the number of bits required to represent a sound or image.

A control circuit that has N input lines numbered 0, 1, 2, ..., N - 1 and 2N output lines numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 2N - 1.

The values for a given object are drawn from a finite set, such as the letters {A, B, C, ..., Z} or a subset of integer {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., MAX}

Converted from a continuous value to a single numeric value.

The ability to continue functioning even in the presence of the failure of one or more components.

The total number of cycles per unit time measure in cycles/second, also called hertz.

An electronic device that operates on a collection of binary inputs to produce a binary output.

One billion bytes.

Another term for hardware design as it uses the capabilities of Boolean logic to carry out the design process.

No information is lost in the compress, and it is possible to reproduce exactly the original data.

Compress data in a way that does not guarantee that all the information in the original data can be fully ad completely recreated.

A method for encoding color that digitizes the contribution of the red, green, and blue components of each pixel

A way to represent real numbers as a mantissa times a base to an exponential power.

Circuit that contains feedback loops in which the output of a gate is fed back as input to an earlier gate.

A way to represent signed integer values in which one bit is used to represent the sign and the remaining bits are used to represent the magnitude.

An electronic device that can be in an OFF state, which does not allow electricity to flow, or in an ON state, in which electricity can pass unimpeded; a transistor is a solid-state device that has no mechanical or moving parts.

Uses a 16-bit representation for characters.

An approach to software development that emphasizes a flexible and ready response to meet a shifting target.

Running a program on many data sets to be sure its performance falls within required limits; timing the same algorithm on two different machines.

A collection of thoroughly tested object code for various useful tasks.

The process of translating the detailed designs into computer code.

A program design strategy in which tasks are broken down into subtasks, which are broken down into sub-subtasks, and so on, until each piece is small enough to code comfortably. These pieces work together to accomplish the total job.

A collection of programs that support software development, such as debuggers, editors, toolkits, and libraries, that lets programmers perform several tasks within the shell of a single application.

Documentation that is part of the program code itself.

An error in the algorithm used to solve a problem.

Involves two programmers at a single workstation. At any given point in time, one is writing code and the other is actively observing, watching for possible errors

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A program written in a procedural language consists of sequences of statements that manipulate data items.

An error that occurs when the program is run using certain sets of data that result in some illegal operation, such as dividing by zero.

The meaning of correctly written programming statements.

High-level language instructions.

An error that occurs because a program statement fails to follow the correct

See image

Documentation that enables programmers who later have to modify the program to understand the code.

Another name for high-level programming language as

See image

A program design strategy in which tasks are broken down into subtasks, which are broken down into sub-subtasks, and so on, until each piece is small enough to code comfortably. These pieces work together to accomplish the total job.

The rules for exactly how programming statements must be written; the grammatical structure of a programming language

(Java) A complete standalone program that resides and runs on a self-contained computer.

A well-written, efficient, and thoroughly tested code module that is separately compiled and then drawn on by any program that wishes to use its capabilities.

Views every task in terms of functions. In this context, function means something like a mathematical function—a recipe for taking an argument (or possibly several arguments) and doing something with them to compute a single value.

Facts and rules about a certain domain of interest.

Software whose source code is freely available and may be used, distributed, or modified by anyone.

Something that is defined in terms of "smaller versions" of itself.

A model constructed using algorithmic procedures implemented as computer programs.

A procedure for using a computational model to improve the design of an actual system by continually resetting model parameters to improve system performance.

The field of computer science that examines the technical problems of displaying visual images on a computer screen.

A model of a system using mathematical equations that describe system performance as a continuous function of time t.

A computational modeling technique that simulates the behavior of a system only at discrete points in time.

The use of images and visualization techniques to make scientific data easier to interpret and understand.

Another term for a computational model.

This is a mathematical function that describes the probability of a random quantity taking on certain values.

Parts of a model that display random behavior.

Every value in the range from a to b has the same chance of occurring.

Arguing about a problem by comparing it to a related problem, which you claim is very similar in terms of its ethical implications and consequences.

A school of thought in ethics that focuses on the consequences of an act to determine if the act is good or bad.

Humiliating, taunting, threatening or invading someone's privacy using the Internet, Web, or other type of electronic technology.

The study of how to decide if something is morally right or wrong.

Hacking that is intended as political activism.

The sharing of files between two equal participants on a network. This is distinct from the client-server model in which the two sides serve very different roles--one side only sending information (the server) and the other side only receiving information (the client).

The study of algorithms, including their mathematical properties, hardware and linguistic realizations, and their applications.

The entity (machine, robot, person, or thing) that executes the steps of an algorithm.

A programming language that uses both natural language constructs and mathematical notation.

The repetitive execution of a block of operations that will never end. This is a fatal error when it occurs in an algorithm.

An algorithmic operation that carries out a single task and then moves on to the next operation in sequence.

The process of finding an algorithmic solution to a given problem. Computation: An algorithmic operation that carries out a single numeric computation and stores the result.

An algorithmic operation that carries out a single numeric computation and stores the result.

Operations that ask a question and select the next instruction to carry out based on the answer to that question.

The true/false condition that will determine when the iteration has been completed.

Operations that alter the normal sequential flow of control within an algorithm.

An operation that causes data values from the outside world to be brought into the algorithm.

The repetitive execution of a block of operations.

An operation that causes computed values to be sent to the outside world for viewing or saving.

An operation that can be directly understood by the computing agent executing the algorithm and which does not have to be further clarified or explained.

A notation used to design algorithms. It uses English constructs, mathematical notation and an informal algorithmic structure designed to look like a high-level programming language.

The task of putting a list of values into numeric or alphabetical order.

An expression that can evaluate only to true or false.

One billion bytes.

an algorithm that is written in a programming language that runs on a computer

a block of programming that determines which part of the program is executed next. There are three types of structures: sequence, selection, and repetition.

an object created by a human being that involves the use of computation in some way, for example a mobile app or a web page.

a programming approach whereby the program's behavior is controlled by writing code that responds to various events that occur, such as Button clicks.

the large and small physical components that make up a computers such as the computer's keyboard or its processor.

the computer programs that make up a computer system such as the mobile apps we will be creating in this course.

one of the seven big ideas of the CS Principles curriculum. An abstraction is a simplified and general representation of some complex object or process. One example --we'll encounter many in this course, including abstractions used in computer programming -- would be a Google map.

a number written in the binary system, a system that uses only two digits, 0s and 1s.

in internet terminology, a generic term for a list of email addresses or IP addresses that are origination with known spammers

any symbol that requires one byte of storage

a metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems

data is distinct information that is formatted in a special way. Data exists in a variety of forms, like text on paper or bytes stored in electronic memory

are physical or virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server and networking systems and components for the company's IT (information technology) needs

a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data

a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device

refers to any property that is created using original thought. Traditional intellectual property include patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

a group of two or more computer systems linked together

short for microprocessor or CPU

a social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities

a generic name for a list of email address or IP addresses that are considered to be spam free

a device or system that represents changing values as continuously variable physical quantities

a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127

comparable to grid computing, cloud computing relies on sharing resources rather than having local servers handle applications.

the art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, called cipher text

any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers are digital machines because at the basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1.

used to describe data storage, 1,048,576 bytes (abbreviated MB)

one million pixels, used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device

process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations.

optical character recognition, the branch of computer science that involves reading text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate

the rectangular area of a display screen actually being used to display images

refers to the process of adding realism to a computer graphics by adding 3-D qualities, such as shadows and variations in color and shade.

spam is electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings

the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages

to transmit data from a computer to a bulletin board service, mainframe, or network.

Single unit of information on a computer represent as a 0 or 1

The number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time

The time it takes for a signal to arrive

Transmission capacity, measured by bit rate

Method of transmitting data that utilizes light

Method of transmitting data that utilizes electricity

A wireless networking technology that utilizes radio waves to transmit information/data

A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.

A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet.

Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information.

A computer which receives messages travelling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destinations based on the addressing information included with the message.

Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.

An abbreviation for Domain Name System, the Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

The protocol used by the World Wide Web. It describes how messages are formatted and interchanged, and how web servers respond to commands.

A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data.

A computer that requests data stored on a server.

The principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites.

The control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations at the behest of government, regulators, or on their own initiative.

Vertex; Represented by a labeled circle

A set of edges that begin at one node and can be followed through other nodes back where you started

A measure of the number of steps per input size needed to complete an algorithm

A data table stored in a router that lists the routes to particular network destinations

A group of volunteers, private citizens, government officials, etc. who promote internet standards

A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer

A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again.

a collection of commands made available to a programmer

a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.

An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need

A particular kind of looping construct provided in many languages. Typically, a for loop defines a counting variable that is checked and incremented on each iteration in order to loop a specific number of times.

The action of doing something over and over again.

1000 bytes

1,000 kilobytes

1,000 gigabytes

1,000 terabytes

an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression which works by reducing (or approximating)

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A problem that can not be solved in a reasonable amount of time. Heuristics are often used to create an approximate or good enough solution.

A novel or improved idea, device, product, etc. or the development thereof

the observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years.

a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.

the generic term for a technique (or algorithm) that performs encryption

When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher.

a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text

a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.

used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt.

Used prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private.

the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.

A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation.

Comparison of the popularity of topical queries in an online search engine as they relate to time.

Images, diagrams, tables, etc created from information extracted from a given data set, with the express intention of highlighting a data story.

The name of the tool used by most spreadsheet programs to create a summary table.

A document providing background information about a dataset.

Abbreviation of "comma-separated values," this is a widely-used format for storing data.

The original data as it was collected.

A table of aggregate information about a dataset (e.g., the average, sum, count of some values).

tool/technique using dynamic parameters for reducing a data set to viewing only similar items in a row or column.

A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Count, Sum, Max, Median, etc.

a question where there are only two possible answers

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.

The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand

What does ASCII stand for? (cap first letter)

(slang) to write instructions for a computer

repetition of information or the inclusion of additional information to reduce errors in transmission.

The service that translates URL's to IP addresses

DNS stands for...

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

HTTP stands for...

provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery of a stream of packets in the internet

The octal number system is base 8, using only digits 0 through 7.

Traditional number system using digits 0-9.

Incremental or small improvement to an item

Improvement that is new, creative and has not been done before "outside the box thinking."

Internet pioneer who believed the Internet should be free and available to everyone

__________ level protocols use _______ levels without needing to understand precisely how they work. (space between each term)

_________ level protocols guarantee __________ level protocols will function without stating specifically how this will be accomplished.

A programming language that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. Examples: JavaScript, Java, FORTRAN

A programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions. Generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language.

The ability to route around broken servers on the internet.

A variable whose scope is "global" to the program, it can be used and updated by any part of the code. Its global scope is typically derived from the variable being declared (created) outside of any function, object, or method.

The common programming structure that implements "conditional statements".

A variable with local scope is one that can only be seen, used and updated by code within the same scope. Typically this means the variable was declared (created) inside a function; includes function parameter variables.

a function specified as part of an event listener; it is written by the programmer but called by the system as the result of an event trigger.

An action that causes something to happen.

The visual elements of an program through which a user controls or communications the application. Often abbreviated UI.

(ex: Number, Boolean, or String) a value's property that dictates how the computer will interpret it. For example 7+5 is interpreted differently from "7"+"5"

Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.

A placeholder for a piece of information that can change.

Finding and fixing problems in your algorithm or program.

statements that run under only certain conditions

A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.

to link together or join. Typically used when joining together text Strings in programming (e.g. "Hello, "+name)