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265 questions

Rebirth of classical culture that began in Italy around 1350 and spread across Europe.

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Swiss historian who argued the Renaissance represented a break with the Middle Ages.

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"Universal man" or Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded, multi-talented individual.

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Independent states like Florence, Venice, and Milan that were centers of Renaissance culture.

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Italian city-state often considered the birthplace of the Renaissance.

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Powerful Florentine banking family who were major patrons of Renaissance art and culture.

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Influential banker who controlled Florence behind the scenes in the early 15th century.

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Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent; a leading patron of Renaissance culture in Florence.

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Italian maritime republic that grew wealthy through trade and became a center of Renaissance art.

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Northern Italian city-state controlled by the Visconti and Sforza families.

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Territories in central Italy controlled by the pope.

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Kingdom in southern Italy that remained relatively backward during the Renaissance.

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Author of "The Book of the Courtier," which described the ideals of the Renaissance noble.

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1528 work describing the attributes of the ideal Renaissance courtier.

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Leaders of mercenary armies hired by Italian city-states for protection and warfare.

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Florentine political thinker and author of "The Prince."

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1513 book by Machiavelli that advised rulers to use pragmatic and ruthless means to maintain power.

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Italian ruler who inspired Machiavelli's ideas in "The Prince."

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Intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of classical texts.

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"Father of Humanism" who recovered classical Latin manuscripts.

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Renaissance belief that humanists should be active in political life and civic affairs.

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Humanist scholar and chancellor of Florence; wrote "The New Cicero."

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Work by Leonardo Bruni praising Cicero's political and intellectual life.

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Humanist who proved the "Donation of Constantine" was a forgery.

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Humanist philosopher who translated Plato and founded Neoplatonism.

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Philosophy combining Christianity and Platonism, emphasizing hierarchy of substances and spiritual love.

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Humanist author of "Oration on the Dignity of Man."

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Work by Pico della Mirandola celebrating human potential and free will.

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Renaissance curriculum including grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.

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Invention by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized communication and spread Renaissance ideas.

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Inventor of the printing press and the Gutenberg Bible.

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First major book printed with movable type in Europe.

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Focused on liberal arts, rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy.

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Renaissance woman humanist who wrote on morality and gender.

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Renaissance female humanist who defended women's right to education.

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Author of "The Book of the City of Ladies," defending women's capabilities.

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Work by Christine de Pizan arguing for women's worth and education.

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Renaissance architect who emphasized proportion and harmony.

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Art style focusing on realism, perspective, and human emotion.

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Florentine painter credited with pioneering perspective in art.

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Artistic technique of creating depth and three-dimensionality.

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Renaissance painter known for works like "The Birth of Venus."

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Renaissance sculptor famous for his bronze statue of David.

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Architect who built the dome of Florence's cathedral.

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Renaissance artist, scientist, and inventor; painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

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Renaissance painter known for "School of Athens" and Madonnas.

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Renaissance sculptor, painter, and architect; created the Sistine Chapel ceiling and David.

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Michelangelo's fresco masterpiece in the Vatican.

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Michelangelo's iconic marble statue representing Renaissance ideals.

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Renaissance movement in northern Europe focusing on detailed realism.

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Flemish painter who developed oil painting techniques.

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German artist who blended northern detail with Italian Renaissance proportion.

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German painter known for portraits of European leaders.

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Centralized European monarchies in France, England, and Spain during the Renaissance.

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French king who strengthened the monarchy with a permanent army and new taxes.

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French king known as the "Spider King" who expanded royal power.

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First Tudor king of England who strengthened the monarchy after the Wars of the Roses.

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Spanish queen who married Ferdinand of Aragon, unifying Spain.

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Spanish king who married Isabella, leading to a unified Spain.

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Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain, completed in 1492.

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Religious court established in Spain to enforce Catholic orthodoxy.

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Powerful ruling family in the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and Spain.

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Holy Roman Emperor who expanded Habsburg influence through marriage alliances.

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Russian ruler who ended Mongol domination and established the foundation of the Russian state.

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1453 capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, spurring European exploration.

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Muslim empire that expanded into southeastern Europe and threatened Christian kingdoms.

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Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople in 1453.

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Popes of the 15th and early 16th centuries involved in politics and patronage of the arts.

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"The Warrior Pope" who commissioned Michelangelo and led military campaigns.

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Medici pope who was a major patron of Renaissance art.

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Corrupt Renaissance pope who advanced the power of the Borgia family.

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Practice of appointing relatives to church offices, common among Renaissance popes.

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The buying and selling of church offices, a corruption criticized during the Renaissance.

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Clerics holding multiple offices to increase income, contributing to church corruption.

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Pardons sold by the church to reduce punishment for sins.

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Dominican preacher in Florence who denounced secular art and corruption.

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Event in Florence where citizens burned luxury goods under Savonarola's influence.

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Institutions teaching liberal studies to produce civic-minded citizens.

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Ancient philosopher whose works were rediscovered and influenced Renaissance education.

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Ancient philosopher revived by Renaissance humanists like Ficino.

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Ancient Greek and Roman culture revived during the Renaissance.

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English royal court used by Henry VII to control nobles.

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Loose federation of German states under an elected emperor, weakened during the Renaissance.

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Commercial empire that made Venice wealthy during the Renaissance.

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Focus on worldly themes and material concerns instead of purely religious matters.

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Renaissance emphasis on personal achievement and expression.

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Period in the 15th-17th centuries when Europeans explored and colonized overseas territories.

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God, Glory, and Gold—religious zeal, personal fame, and economic gain.

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Detailed charts made by medieval navigators that aided early exploration.

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Second-century map rediscovered in the Renaissance; underestimated the earth's circumference.

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Light, fast Portuguese ship with lateen sails used for long voyages.

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Navigation instrument that indicated direction, aiding explorers.

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Instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of stars.

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Triangular sail that allowed ships to tack against the wind.

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Portuguese prince who sponsored exploration along Africa's coast.

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Founded by Prince Henry to train sailors and mapmakers.

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First European nation to establish a maritime empire along Africa and Asia.

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Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

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Portuguese explorer who reached India in 1498.

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Indian port city reached by Vasco da Gama, important in spice trade.

100

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Portuguese governor who established control of trade in the Indian Ocean.

101

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Portuguese base in India established in 1510.

102

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Port city in Southeast Asia seized by Portugal in 1511.

103

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Islands in present-day Indonesia rich in valuable spices.

104

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Explorer who sailed west for Spain in 1492 and reached the Americas.

105

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Spanish monarchs who sponsored Columbus's voyage.

106

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Flagship of Columbus's first voyage.

107

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Venetian explorer who claimed land in North America for England.

108

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Portuguese explorer who discovered Brazil in 1500.

109

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Explorer whose name was used to label the Americas.

110

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1494 agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.

111

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Ferdinand Magellan led the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe.

112

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Complete voyage around the world, first achieved by Magellan's crew.

113

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Spanish conquerors of the Americas.

114

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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec Empire.

115

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Powerful Mesoamerican empire conquered by Hernán Cortés.

116

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Aztec emperor defeated by Cortés.

117

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Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

118

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South American empire conquered by Pizarro in the 1530s.

119

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Last Inca emperor captured and executed by Pizarro.

120

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System granting Spanish settlers control over Native labor in the Americas.

121

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Spanish priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans.

122

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Spanish laws intended to protect Native Americans and end encomienda abuses.

123

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Spanish royal governor overseeing colonies in the Americas.

124

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Colonial courts in Spanish America.

125

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People of mixed European and Native descent in Spanish colonies.

126

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People of mixed European and African descent.

127

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Labor system in Peru where natives were drafted for mining work.

128

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Trading company founded in 1602 to establish Dutch dominance in Asia.

129

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Dutch headquarters in Java for Asian trade.

130

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English trading company founded in 1600 to compete with Portuguese and Dutch.

131

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British trading company that established control in India.

132

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French efforts in Canada and the Caribbean during the Age of Exploration.

133

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French explorer who founded Quebec in 1608.

134

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French colony in North America.

135

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First permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.

136

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English colony founded by Puritans in 1630.

137

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Area explored by Henry Hudson for the Dutch and English.

138

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Large estates in the Americas worked by slaves to produce cash crops.

139

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Economic system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas with goods and slaves.

140

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Brutal transatlantic voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas.

141

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Forced transport of Africans to the Americas for labor.

142

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Depopulation, violence, and economic disruption in Africa.

143

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Primary use of enslaved labor in the Caribbean.

144

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Dutch company involved in Atlantic trade and colonization.

145

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Transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

146

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Disease brought by Europeans that decimated Native American populations.

147

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Disease thought to have been carried back to Europe from the New World.

148

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New World crop that became a staple in Europe.

149

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New World crop (corn) introduced to Europe.

150

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Old World animals introduced to the Americas, transforming Native cultures.

151

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Clergy who sought to convert indigenous peoples in the Americas and Asia.

152

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Catholic missionaries active in Asia and the Americas.

153

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Church institution enforcing orthodoxy in Spain and its colonies.

154

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Religious communities established to convert and educate indigenous peoples.

155

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Popes authorized conquest and conversion of non-Christian lands.

156

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Spanish king whose empire expanded through exploration and colonization.

157

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Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade to accumulate wealth.

158

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Belief that national power depended on the accumulation of precious metals.

159

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Inflation in Europe caused by an influx of New World silver.

160

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Business model allowing investors to pool capital and share profits and risks.

161

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Expansion of European trade, finance, and colonial markets in the 16th-17th centuries.

162

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Financial institution central to European trade in the 17th century.

163

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Became the financial hub of Europe during the Commercial Revolution.

164

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Integration of world economies beginning with exploration and colonization.

165

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German banking family that financed monarchs and exploration.

166

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Economic structure challenged by new capitalist practices.

167

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Economic system emphasizing private ownership and profit.

168

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Conflicts between European powers over trade and colonies.

169

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Advances such as improved ships, cannons, and navigation aiding exploration.

170

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Renaissance advances in mapmaking that aided exploration.

171

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Design on maps showing cardinal directions, vital for navigation.

172

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Large ships used by Spain to transport treasure across the Atlantic.

173

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Spanish ships that linked the Americas and Asia across the Pacific.

174

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Vast mines in Bolivia that supplied much of Spain's wealth.

175

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Spanish port city controlling trade with the Americas.

176

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Portuguese capital and hub of early exploration.

177

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Major financial and commercial center in the 16th century.

178

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Interconnected trade routes established during the Age of Exploration.

179

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Interaction between Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in the early modern era.

180

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Renaissance movement in northern Europe combining classical learning with reform of the church.

181

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Dutch humanist who emphasized inner piety and wrote "The Praise of Folly."

182

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Author of "Utopia," describing an ideal society based on reason and communal ownership.

183

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Book by Thomas More presenting an ideal, cooperative society without private property.

184

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Practice of holding multiple church offices for financial gain.

185

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Neglect of parish duties by church officials holding multiple offices.

186

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Pardons sold by the Catholic Church to reduce punishment for sins.

187

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Dominican friar famous for selling indulgences, prompting Luther's protest.

188

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German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by challenging indulgences and papal authority.

189

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1517 document by Martin Luther criticizing indulgences and church abuses.

190

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Luther's doctrine that salvation comes by faith alone, not works.

191

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Catholic theologian who debated Luther at Leipzig in 1519.

192

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1521 assembly where Luther refused to recant his teachings before Emperor Charles V.

193

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1521 decree declaring Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

194

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Elector of Saxony who protected Luther after his condemnation.

195

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1524-1525 uprising inspired partly by Reformation ideas; condemned by Luther.

196

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Luther's pamphlet urging suppression of the Peasants' Revolt.

197

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Conflict between France and the Habsburgs that distracted Charles V from suppressing Protestantism.

198

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Holy Roman Emperor who opposed the Reformation but faced internal and external challenges.

199

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1555 agreement allowing German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

200

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Swiss reformer in Zurich who emphasized scripture and rejected Catholic rituals.

201

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1529 meeting where Luther and Zwingli disagreed on the Eucharist.

202

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Radical reformers who believed in adult baptism and separation of church and state.

203

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1530s takeover of Munster by radical Anabaptists; crushed violently.

204

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Anabaptist leader who emphasized pacifism and community discipline.

205

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King of England who broke with the Catholic Church to form the Church of England.

206

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First wife of Henry VIII; marriage annulled to allow Henry to marry Anne Boleyn.

207

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Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; executed for treason.

208

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1534 law making Henry VIII head of the Church of England.

209

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Chief minister to Henry VIII who reformed administration and dissolved monasteries.

210

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Archbishop of Canterbury who supported Henry VIII's annulment and reforms.

211

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Confiscation of English monastic lands by Henry VIII.

212

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Young king of England who advanced Protestant reforms during his short reign.

213

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English liturgical text introduced under Edward VI.

214

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Catholic queen who sought to restore Catholicism in England; nicknamed "Bloody Mary."

215

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Protestant queen who established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.

216

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Compromise under Elizabeth I blending Protestant doctrine with some Catholic traditions.

217

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French reformer who developed the doctrine of predestination and established a theocracy in Geneva.

218

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Calvin's major work outlining Protestant theology.

219

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Calvinist belief that God has already chosen the elect for salvation.

220

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Swiss city that became a model of Calvinist theocracy under John Calvin.

221

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Calvinist church court enforcing moral discipline in Geneva.

222

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Scottish reformer who established Presbyterianism.

223

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French Calvinists who faced persecution in the 16th century.

224

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1572 massacre of French Protestants in Paris, beginning religious wars.

225

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Moderates in France who placed national unity above religious disputes.

226

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Former Huguenot who became king of France and issued the Edict of Nantes.

227

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1598 decree granting religious toleration to French Protestants.

228

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Spanish king who sought to defend Catholicism and expanded Spanish power.

229

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1588 naval expedition against England; defeated by Elizabeth I's forces.

230

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Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Spain.

231

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Struggle of the Netherlands against Spanish rule and Catholic repression.

232

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1545-1563 Catholic council that reformed church practices and clarified doctrine.

233

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Movement within the Catholic Church to reform and counter Protestantism.

234

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Members of the Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius of Loyola, active in education and missions.

235

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Founder of the Jesuits who emphasized discipline and obedience to the papacy.

236

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Book by Ignatius of Loyola guiding Jesuits in meditation and devotion.

237

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Church institution established to root out heresy.

238

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List of works Catholics were forbidden to read, including Protestant writings.

239

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Jesuit missionary who spread Christianity in Asia.

240

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Art style of the Counter-Reformation emphasizing grandeur, emotion, and drama.

241

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Series of French civil wars between Catholics and Protestants in the 16th century.

242

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1570 treaty temporarily granting rights to French Protestants.

243

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Valois king of France assassinated during the Wars of Religion.

244

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Leader of the Catholic League in France.

245

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Alliance formed to eradicate Protestantism in France.

246

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Reformation made little progress due to strong Catholic monarchy and Jesuit presence.

247

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Educational institutions founded by Jesuits that spread Catholic values.

248

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Religious reform movements in Bohemia predating Luther, including Hussites.

249

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Lutheran king who intervened in the Thirty Years' War.

250

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1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years' War, recognizing state sovereignty.

251

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1618-1648 conflict involving religion, politics, and balance of power in Europe.

252

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1618 incident sparking the Thirty Years' War when Protestants threw officials out a window.

253

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Habsburg emperor during the Thirty Years' War who sought to restore Catholicism.

254

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General who commanded imperial forces during the Thirty Years' War.

255

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Swedish king whose military innovations aided Protestants in the Thirty Years' War.

256

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1631 Protestant victory under Gustavus Adolphus.

257

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1632 battle where Gustavus Adolphus died, a turning point in the war.

258

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Final phase where France allied with Protestants against Habsburgs.

259

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French statesman who supported Protestants to weaken Habsburg power.

260

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Transformation of European warfare in the 16th-17th centuries with firearms and standing armies.

261

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Widespread persecution of alleged witches in the 16th and 17th centuries.

262

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Manual used to identify and prosecute witches.

263

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Trials and executions of thousands accused of witchcraft in early modern Europe.

264

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By 1700, skepticism and legal reforms reduced witchcraft prosecutions.

265

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