__________ was a German philosopher who challenged Western cultural values, using nihilism to describe the decline of traditional European morals and emphasizing that conflict and struggle drive progress, with life explained through the spirit.

He influenced anarchism and syndicalism, believing the working class needed its own mythology to inspire violent revolution. Though he opposed antisemitism, his ideas were later adopted by fascists, and he criticized socialists for exploiting the Dreyfus case.

______ was a French philosopher who also believed in irrationalism, emphasizing change and emotion. He inspired metaphysicians who rejected the established values, establishing different perspectives.

_______ were challenged by theories and developments within quantum sciences and Einstein's Relativity theory, applying different objective descriptions of nature.

He founded psychoanalysis, a therapeutic technique focused on the unconscious mind, helping establish psychology as a distinct discipline. His work explored irrational motivations and the ongoing struggle between the conscious and unconscious mind.

He developed quantum theory, which revolutionized the understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. Also, he changed how people understood space and time and contributed to the study of thermodynamics.

_____ redefined the understanding of elements and forces that made up and controlled the universe such as space, time, gravity, energy, and matter.