The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors ext.

Cultivation of land

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields

The model constructed by Von Thunen which shows that the center of a city is dairy and market gardening, forest, grains and field crops, and the outer ring is ranching

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Southwest Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, Europe

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies.

Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.

regards a system of agricultural organization where as farms laborers are not compensated via wages. rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Regions were there is agricultural activity

The "farming" and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.

Harvesting twice a year from the same land

Industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth

Around 8000 B.C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals.

Diffusion of agriculture across the globe.

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. Popular in East, South, and Southeast Asia, because the ratio between farmers and arable land is so high, most of the work is done by the family by hand or by animal with processes refined over thousands of years.

Tillage between rows of crops of plants.

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually

Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia). Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter; land is hilly with mountains frequently plunging directly into sea. Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops are the main crops, while animals are grown under transhumance - kept on coastal plains in winter and moved to hills in the summer.

Natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources.

Economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services. Commonly used in which state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income. Example: Economy of the Soviet Union, in the 80's and 90's government presiding over planned economies began deregulating and moving toward market basted economies by introducing market forces to determine pricing, distribution, and production. Today most economies are market or mixed economies, except those in Cuba or North Korea

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

Energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people. Solar energy, hydroelectric, geothermal, fusion and wind, are the most widely used.

Energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) plus nuclear energy are the most widely used, mostly because they are more cost efficient.

defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation. "Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result."

Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark, especially with the Enclosure Act, which consolidated land in Great Britain. Potatoes and corn diffused from America's to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to Europe.

Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South America, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.

Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.

Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together with production are able to provide satisfactory yield.

'Green Revolution' Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth.

pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.

1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop.

yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated application of labor and/or capital usually to small holdings

A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output

Changes in the ecosystem resulting from human activities such as the use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification.

a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. the clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.

Seasonal movement of herds (i.e. goats, sheep, camels and yaks) over large territories. Herds support relatively small populations with meat, fur, blood, milk and dung.

Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism.

characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area, whatever they can find in their surroundings

a number of families live in close proximity to a central point such as a church or commercial square; everything emanates out from the center- the homes surround the central point as the fields surround the homes.