Group the characteristics for each type of offender 

Put the Top-Down approach in the correct order

Which researcher analysed 100 murders and compared them to 39 characteristics associated with disorganised killers, and found patterns for organised killers, but no consistent pattern for disorganised. Ironically, you can’t organise (categorise) a disorganised offender!

The Top-down approach was developed through Hazelwood & Douglas' research. Identify the main issues with the research, which ultimately reduces the effectiveness of the Top-down approach. There is more than one right answer to choose from.  

Bottom-up approach: Evidence from previous crimes and offenders are added into a database, this is then used to identify patterns and trends about offender behaviour. When a crime is committed, as much detail from the crime scene is gathered and compared against the patterns in this database. 

Investigative psychology pairs data with psychological research. Which factor relates to using the crime scene and victim to identify characteristics about the offender?

Another form of the Bottom-up approach is called geographical profiling. As part of this, it can identify a commuter or a.....

Canter& Heritage analysed 66 sexual assault cases using a computer based programme and identified clear common patterns of behaviour such as having impersonal language in their daily lives and then and a lack of reaction to the victim during the crime. What part of the 5 factor model within the bottom-up approach does this support?

Canter and Youngs (2008) collated evidence from 120 murder cases and found that the offenders home base was invariably located in the Centre of the crime scene pattern. What part of the bottom-up approach does this support?

Identify Lombroso's Atavistic characteristics:

Which researcher attempted to replicate Lombroso’s findings by comparing 500 offenders with a control group of non-criminals and found no significant differences in facial and cranial characteristics between the two groups.

In the Brunner study the urine samples identified a mutation in the X chromosome. This mutation reduces the amount of the MAOA enzyme. MAOA is responsible for breaking down which 2 neurotransmitters, serotonin and...

Dabbs found that high levels of BLANK were linked to violent criminals

According to Raine, reduced activity in certain areas of the brain are linked to certain criminal behaviours. Match the pairs below:

According to Eysenck, a criminal personality derives from their nervous system. Look at the pairs below and match them up to correctly reflect Eysenck's theory of offender behaviour.

Eysenck (1977) compared over 2000 male prisoners scores on Eysenck’s Personality Inventory (EPI) with over 2000 male controls. They found that prisoners recorded higher scores in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism than controls.

What did Farrington (1982) find when he reviewed several studies related to how personality links to crime?

Eysenck's theory argued that those with a nervous system that links to the 3 personality types, makes it difficult for them to learn how to withhold gratification. This process that they fail to do is known as...

Identify the key aspects of Differential Association Theory as an explanation of crime. Match the different elements of the theory into ones that are correct, and ones that are incorrect 

Akers found that differential association theory (i.e. the theory that other individuals influenced behaviour in general) accounted for...  

There is 1 correct answers to choose from. 

Akers found evidence of DAT and found that the two factors that had the strongest correlations were. Sort the answers into correct and incorrect. 

Farrington & Juby (2006) studied 411 boys from the South London area. Sort the factors that were the most important for increasing the likelihood of criminality, and ones that were made up by me ;-)

Kohlberg's cognitive explanation of moral development was used to explain criminality. Match the stage of moral development with the description

According to Kohlberg' cognitive explanation of moral development, which stage has been linked to criminality?

Link the cognitive distortion to the description 

In evaluating the cognitive explanation of crime, which psychologist suggested that intelligence was a better predictor of criminality compared to moral reasoning as they found that those with lower intelligence (IQ) and pre-conventional morals were less likely to turn to crime. 

In evaluating the cognitive explanation, which researchers  compared the moral reasoning of female non-offenders, male non-offenders and convicted offenders. They used 11 moral dilemmas such as keeping a promise to a friend and found that the offenders had less mature moral reasoning than non-offenders.

Match the type of inadequate super ego with the correct description.

Freud believed that females should show less superego development and so be more vulnerable to offending compared to boys. According to Freudian theory, having not experienced castration anxiety, girls are under less pressure to identify with their mothers, so their superego, and thus their morality is not as strong as boys.

Identify the 4 aims of custodial sentencing. Sort the answers into true or false 

Identify the psychological effects of custodial sentencing. Sort into true and false. 

In relation to the psychological effects of custodial sentencing. Match the study with the evaluation point. 

Token economies are used as a way to modify behaviour of prisoners whilst in custody. Match the answers below:

Which researcher found that a group of offenders who were reinforced with token economy -3 years later, rates of recidivism went back to reflecting national statistics. 

In relation to restorative justice, Women's Aid has argued that RJ justice should not be used with which crime?

Identify the key features of restorative justice. Sort them into true or false. 

Sherman and Strang found that restorative justice reduced reoffending in which type of crimes:

Anger management is a form of CBT that helps to deal with offenders behaviour.  Select the 3 stages of anger management. Sort these to true or false. 

Which researcher found evidence of short-term effects of the conduct of offenders, but very little evidence of the long-term effects of anger-management on recidivism rates. 

Which researcher found that most offenders showed improvement on at least one "anger" measure, and nearly half showed improvement on at least two "anger" measures when participating in an anger management program?