a process that occurs when chromosomes switch information during meiosis

the changes within a population that occur as a result of individuals being born, dying, moving into an area, or leaving an area

a type of genetic exchange that takes place between single-celled organisms

the process of finding the order of nucleotides within a section of DNA

a process for making multiple copies of a gene

an organism whose DNA contains fragments of DNA from a different kind of organism

6-carbon sugar that is a product of photosynthesis

chemical that shuttles electrons in the electron transport chain

opening on the underside of plant leaves

3-carbon precursor to glucose made during photosynthesis

stack of thylakoids

pigmented sack found inside a chloroplast

clear fluid inside a chloroplast

enzyme that bonds carbon dioxide molecules into 3-carbon chains

enzyme in the thylakoid membrane that shuttles hydrogen ions into the stroma to store energy