an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that defines citizenship, grants citizenship to former slaves, and defines voters as males at least 21 years of age

any person not a citizen or national of a country

a legal member of a state and/or country

a person who comes to a country to live permanently

the principle that a person's nationality at birth is the same as that of his or her biological mother

the principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by the territory within which he or she was born

someone who is legally and permanently living in the U.S., but not a citizen

the process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen

someone who lives in a place for a minimum period of time

not participating in certain crimes or behavior

beliefs or actions that are seen as a benefit to the larger community rather than individual interests, also known as the public good

something a person is required to do

something a person should do

a system by which men ages 18 through 25 register with the U.S. government for military service

the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, establishing rights and protections for American citizens

punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or other forms of punishment too severe for the crime committed

the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

a system of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle in the Fifth Amendment that a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and protections

a guarantee under the 14th Amendment that a state must treat a citizen or class of citizens the same as it treats other citizens or classes in like circumstances

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting Congress from establishing a religion, and from interfering with freedom of religious exercise, press, speech, assembly, or petition

the act of a person refusing to testify under oath in a court of law on the grounds that the answers could be used as evidence against him to convict him of a criminal offense

the idea in the Second Amendment that people have an individual right to own and carry weapons

the right of a defendant to be assisted by an attorney, and if he cannot afford his own lawyer, the government must appoint one for him; established in the Sixth Amendment

the process by which

a trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and a jury, usually with 12 members, whose job is to determine facts and make a judgment of guilty or not guilty; protected in the Sixth Amendment

according to the Ninth Amendment, any right that is not specifically addressed in the Constitution still may be protected (e.g., privacy)

whether or not something is legal under the U.S. Constitution

the right of the press to write and print news and information free from government involvement; guaranteed in the First Amendment

the right for citizens to practice the religion of their choice without government involvement; guaranteed in the First Amendment

the right for citizens to speak freely without government involvement; guaranteed in the First Amendment

the freedom for citizens to engage in any nonviolent, legal means of encouraging or disapproving government action, directed to the judicial, executive or legislative branch; guaranteed in the First Amendment

action that expresses an idea

the process of asking a higher court to decide whether a trial was conducted properly

a Latin term meaning "after the fact"

a law that makes an act a crime after the crime has been committed

the principle that keeps the government from holding a citizen indefinitely without showing cause

common benefit, the general of the public

the right of the government to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment requires that fair compensation be made when property is taken under this

the right to hold meetings and form groups without interference by the government; guaranteed in the First Amendment

the right to own property; mentioned in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that outlawed slavery in the United States

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that makes it illegal for the federal or state governments to deny someone the right to vote based on their race

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that grants women the right to vote

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made poll taxes illegal as a condition for voting

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that lowers the minimum voting age to 18

a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex

a test used to determine whether or not someone was eligible to register vote

a fee required to vote

a power or issue for individual states to determine

the right to vote

the section of the Fourteenth Amendment that says that states must apply the law equally and cannot discriminate against citizens or groups of citizens

the belief that the conversations between the president and his aides are confidential

the concept that everyone is equal in the eyes of the law

a judicial decision that is used as an example in dealing with later, similar cases

the rights included in the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments: protection from unreasonable search and seizure, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination, the right to due process, right to a speedy and public trial, trial by jury, the right to be informed of criminal charges, right to be confronted by adverse witnesses, right to an attorney, protection from self-incrimination

the separation of people, such as segregation based on race

the right in the Fifth Amendment that protects a person from being forced to reveal to the police, prosecutor, judge, or jury any information that might subject him or her to criminal prosecution

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Court case that established "separate but equal" laws

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that juvenile court must comply with the Fourteenth Amendment

Protected some forms of symbolic speech. Ruled that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the school house gate"

Official school publications can be censored by school officials

Allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; "Even the President is not above the law;" Watergate Scandal.

Use of 14th Amendments equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the 2000 election

2nd amendment, right to bear arms, well regulated militia. collective right and individual right