2nd largest desert in the world

A hot/humid climate with rainfall, supports lots of animal and plant life

A region of Africa that divides the Sahara desert from wetter areas

High coastal pieces of land

An area of open grassland, such as thos in southern Africa

Small organisms

Largest desert in the world, 3,000 miles east to west, 800-1,200 miles north to south

Hunting and gathering, turned into villages that contained extended family

Unseen family spirits, also animism- belief in bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects had spirits

Storytellers who passed on oral tradition, helping keep history alive for each new generationand were highly respected in their communities

One of the earliest known African peoples to practice ironworking

A group of related languages spoken by early African peoples

100 AD - 700 AD

Ethiopia and Eritrea

Christianity- God

Ge' ez and Stelae

Written and spoken language of Askum

Stone monuments which kings had records of conquests on

Trade

Inlands toward mountains, northern Ethiopia

1100 AD- Today

Larger reigion around kingdom of Askum

Christianity- God

Lalibela- stone churches carved in solid rock, showed importance of Christianity in Ethiopia

Mogadishu, Mombusa, Kilwu, Sofala

Horn of Africa, East African coast

Islam- Allah

Swahili

Mix of Arab and African techniques on doors and buildings

Overseas trade

1100 AD- 1400 AD

They were the middle man in a trade route

Located inbetween Limpopo and Zambozi rivers in Southeastern Africa

stone houses

Made to show a rulers power or used as an astronomical observatory

Askum king who rose up and conqured Kush, gave Askum full power in trade, also converted to Christianity

Ethiopian king who built stone churches

Blend of Bantu and Arab language

Near Niger and Sengal rivers, capital was Koumbi Saleh

Local beliefs, some Muslim influence

Trade, controlled and taxed the gold-salt trade routes

Lavishly

Upper Niger river

Islam, some local beliefs

Mosques

Qur' an and other Islamic writings

Mali ruler that expanded Mali, made Mali Islamic, also made Mali wealthier

Niani

Taxation on gold-salt trade routes

Education, religion, and culture

Near Niger river

Islam, some local beliefs

Timbuktu

Trans-Saharian trade

Commerce

Farming, manufacturing, and trade

Farming

Weaving and dyeing

Ife, Oyo

Ivory and food

Copper, other materials for sculptures

Terra cotta, bronze, brass, and copper

Heart of kingdom, in deep forests, also called Benin

Eware

Portuguese sailors

Captives as slaves, pepper, ivory, and cotton for gold