Charlemagne was crowned what?

Mountains and rivers shaped European culture by?

Who drove the Vikings out of Britain?

Which Crusade succeeded in driving the Muslims out of Jerusalem?

Church courts that tried heretics

Everyday language

Who took over Britain as the Romans left the land?

Where did the Franks settle?

Charlemagne believed in what?

Serfs were peasants who were not allowed to do what without permission?

Medieval cities were what?

Limited the king's power

Why was Moscow an important city?

Who did the Catholics launch a holy war against during the Crusades?

How did the Black Death affect Europe?

The seas and rivers in Europe were important because they provided safety and opportunities for

Between A.D. 800 and 900, Europe was invaded by Muslims, Magyars, and

In 1073, Pope Gregory VII issued a decree forbidding kings from appointing high-ranking ____ officials.

Under ____, landowning nobles governed and protected the people in return for services.

Two important farming inventions of the Middle Ages that made turning over soil faster were the horse collar and

Medieval knights followed rules called the code of

In medieval towns, the townspeople paid ____ to the lord in exchange for basic rights.

Because the buildings were made of wood and closely spaced, medieval cities could be easily destroyed by

After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, ____ was crowned king of England.

Under what king was English common law established including the use of courts?

The most important buildings during the 1100s were large churches, called

Originating in central Asia, the Black Death was carried by

Historians believe that the Black Death first spread along which trade route?

____ was made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church in 1920.

a steep-sided valley that is an inlet of the sea

to exclude a person from church membership

the capital of Charlemagne's empire

an agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country

German king the pope declared emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

the center of trade in northern Europe

a person who worked the lord's land

a warrior in armor who fought on horseback

land granted to a vassal, or knight

Italian city that was a major trading center

decided whether a person could be accused of a crime

people ordained as priests

a region named for the Norsemen who ruled it

decided whether an accused person was guilty or innocent

the Egyptian ruler who united Muslims and went to war against the Christians

the hatred of Jews

Vernacular

religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings

a way of thinking that used reason to explore questions of faith

the study of religion and God