To start: watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5b4NvdT1ds

The building of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue is known as ___________________.

Bone is an organ consisting of more than one tissue working together?

Which of the following are not tissues that make up bone?

The entire framework of the bone and cartilage is known as the __________ system.

Which of the following is not a purpose of the skeletal system?

Match the following to its source:

A ________________ is a bone that has greater length than width size. 

Complete the following game and score 100: https://www.purposegames.com/game/label-the-long-bone-quiz

Match the following terms with their definitions:

The ________________ is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and the internal spaces of spongy bone. It contains a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

The latin and scientific term for bone tissue is ____________ tissue.

Since osseous tissue is a type of connective tissue, it is also surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ground substance, fluid). 

The extracellular matrix of osseous tissue is made of 55% crystallized minerals (salts). Which is the most abundant salt?

The most abundant mineral, calcium phosphate, works by combining with another mineral salt Calcium hydroxide. What is the name of the combined minerals?

Hydroxyapatite also combines with other minerals and crystalize in between the collagen fibers, giving it hardness. Which of the following does hydroxyapatite combine with the give bone tissue its crystalized hardness?

Correct the order in which crystallization (hardening) in bones occur:

The crystallization of these minerals is initiated by cells in the extracellular matrix called _________________.

The crystallization of these minerals in the extracellular matrix is known as ____________________.

Calcification is the combination of crystalized salts and collagen fibers hardened through the stimulation of osteoblasts in the bone tissue.

Which of the following is responsible for the stiffness and hardness of the bone?

Which of the following is responsible for the flexibility of the bone?

How many types of cells (number) are there in bone tissue?

OsteoBlasts Build bone, while OsteoClasts Carve up bone (chop up).

__________________ helps regulate Blood calcium levels by carving into bone and breaking down old bone tissue.

Match each of the following:

Osteoblasts develop the extracellular matrix through their continuous secretions. In the process of doing so, it becomes trapped/stuck in the matrix causing itself to harden and mature into ________________.

Osteoblasts and osteocytes can undergo cell division in their mature stage.

Strongest bone type in the body, making up 80%.

Softest bone type in the body, making up the remaining 20%.

Osteons are repeating circular structures within compact bone. What is another name for osteons?

What is the name of the osteon canal that holds blood vessels at its center?

Each concentric (circular) unit within the osteon is referred to as the ________________.

Since each haversian system (osteon) is circular, the combined cluster of circles forms a small gap between the circles strapped in together. What is the name of the gap spaces?

Bone lacunae is relevant because it contains ______________.

When examined further, bone lacunae contain a section of it which contains both osteocytes as well as the osteocytes' extracellular fluid. What is this portion of the bone lacunae?

The bone canaliculi also serves the function of holding together neighboring bone lacunae and essentially gluing them to the osteonic canal. It also serves to allow the movement of nutrients throughout the extracellular fluid.

Complete the following game and post high score: https://www.purposegames.com/game/structure-of-a-compact-bone

The organization of osteons is not static but changes over time in response to the physical demands placed on the skeleton.

___________________________ are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth.

Blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through ______________________. In other words, what is the name of the canal that carries blood vessels and nerves.

The blood vessels and nerves of the perforating canals connect to which of the following:

Spongy bone tissue is similar to compact bone tissue in that it does contain osteons (harversian systems).

Since there are no osteons in spongy bone, the bone lamellae of spongy bone are instead collectively called bone trabeculae, possessing a different structure. 

The spaces in between bone trabeculae of soft tissue are line by endosteum and filled with ________________________. (2 possible answers)

Where can you find spongy bone tissue?

The end (caps) of the long bone is supplied by two arteries. What is the name of each of these arteries? Use "and" to enter both answers. Do not include the word arteries. 

The metaphyseal arteries supply nutrients to the _____________ section of the long bone where there is red and yellow bone marrow.

The epiphyseal arteries supply nutrients to the _____________ section of the long bone where there is red and yellow bone marrow.

Each metaphyseal or epiphyseal artery is accompanied by metaphyseal or epiphyseal veins. Therefore, in _________________ canals, where you find one you find the other.

Arteries and veins that enter in through the long bone portion at an oblique angle are called ___________________ arteries or veins. The hole in the long bone they enter through is called the nutrient foramen. 

Arteries and veins that enter in through the long bone portion at an oblique angle are called nutrient arteries or veins. The hole in the long bone they enter through is called the nutrient foramen. Tiny versions of these arteries and veins do enter into the long bone. These tiny arteries and veins are called ________________ artery and vein.

Periosteal arteries and veins exit through the ________________.

Whether it is periosteal, metaphyseal, or epiphyseal, these arteries and veins are also accompanied by nerves in the canals.

Complete the following quiz with 100: https://www.purposegames.com/game/blood-supply-of-mature-long-bone-game

There are two methods of bone development: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Ossification simply put is the scientific word for bone development. 

In _____________________ ossification, bone forms directly within mesenchyme (fetal bone tissue) which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes. 

In __________________ ossification, bone forms within hyaline cartilage which was first developed from mesenchyme. 

Fit the following bones into the type of bone development that grows them:

Which of the ossification processes does the following steps belong to: 1. Development of ossification center, 2. Calcification, 3. Formation of bone trabeculae, 4. Development of the periosteum.

Watch the following video and answer the following questions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXDyQiVepWk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es5I9BsOeTc

How many ways can cartilage grow; ways in which cartilage grows?

Name the two types of ways in which cartilage grows? Use the "and" to combine both. Do not include the word growth.

Match the following cartilage growth patterns to their definitions:

Watch the following short 45 sec video and answer the following question: As "A" deposit bone on the outer surface, "B" widen the medullary cavity from within. Use the word "and" to combine your answers for "A" and "B". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xlJWZvVgRM

The removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts.

The addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts.

At any given time, about _______% of the total bone mass in the body is being remodeled.

During the process of bone resorption, an osteoclast attaches tightly to the bone surface at the endosteum or periosteum and forms a leakproof seal at the edges of its ruffled border.

Which of the following is a factor that is needed for bone growth?

Which of the following are the most important minerals for bone development?

Which of the following vitamins are needed for bone development

Which of the following are the most important hormones for bone development?

A _____________ is any break in a bone.

A _________________ is a series of micro fractures that usually goes unnoticed for a period of time due to its minor presence initially. 

When bone breaks, it causes the rupture of the arteries/veins within that site. The clot that forms within the bone site is known as a __________________. This phase of activation is known as the reactive phase and is the first phase of reaction to a fracture. 

What percentage of calcium is store within bones?

Bone maintains calcium homeostasis by calcium resorption (breaking down bone through osteoclasts), or building up more bone, calcium deposition (through osteoblasts). 

Which of the following hormone regulates calcium resorption and calcium deposition. 

What other organ besides the bones does PTH act on to reduce the loss of calcium?

PTH stimulates the hormone _____________ which stimulates the absorption of calcium within the digestive tract upon food intake.

_________________ is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that inhibits osteoclasts and their breakdown of bone for calcium when calcium levels are detected to be too high. It also increasing bone production and uptake of calcium in order to return the body to baseline. It is a treatment option that is given for bone loss to reduce the effects of the osteoclast activity. _________________ can be harvested from Salmon and used for those purposed. It is used under the brand name (Miacalcin). 

Without mechanical strain, bone does not remodel normally because bone resorption occurs more quickly than bone formation. Research has shown that high- impact intermittent strains more strongly influence bone deposition than lower- impact constant strains. Therefore, running and jumping stimulate bone remodeling more dramatically than walking.

The bones of athletes, which are repetitively and highly strained, become notably thicker and stronger than those of astronauts or nonathletes. Weight- bearing activities, such as walking or moderate weightlifting, help build and retain bone mass. Adolescents and young adults should engage in regular weight- bearing exercise prior to the closure of the epiphyseal plates to help build total mass prior to its inevitable reduction with aging. However, people of all ages can and should strengthen their bones by engaging in weight- bearing exercise.

As we age the principal reason for loss of bone density is due to __________________. This is the primary reason for bone loss whereas loss of proteins is the second reason (collagen production). 

Once bone loss begins in females, about 8% of bone mass is lost every 10 years. In males, calcium loss typically does not begin until after age 60, and about 3% of bone mass is lost every 10 years. The loss of calcium from bones is one of the problems in osteoporosis. 

Osteoporosis (loss of bone mineral density) is the result of higher activity of osteoclasts versus osteoblasts. If someone is suffering from osteoporosis, they should get a ____________________ test done. 

There are only one class of drugs that are effective for osteoporosis: antireabsorptive drugs. These drugs aim to reduce the activity of osteoclasts. 

Following the categories of drugs used to combat osteoporosis, add the following treatments to the correct group.

________________ is a disease that results from inadequate hardening (calcification) of the extracellular matric due to vitamin D deficiency. ______________ is typically seen in children and said to have the child's bones become "soft" or "rubbery."

________________ is a disease that results from inadequate hardening (calcification) of the extracellular matrix due to vitamin D deficiency. ______________ is the adult form of rickets. Prevention and treatment for both rickets and ______________ are typically sunlight exposure and/or supplementation with vitamin D. 

Match the following homeostatic imbalances with their definitions: