Question 1

What is a gene?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA which provides the information to make one specific protein

Answer

A physical trait

Answer

A single allele

Answer

A type of protein

Question 2

What does the term 'phenotype' refer to?

Accepted Answer

The physical trait which is directly visible or testable

Answer

An unseen genetic trait

Answer

The combination of alleles

Answer

The genetic makeup of an organism

Question 3

What does 'homozygous' mean?

Accepted Answer

An organism or a genotype with two of the same allele

Answer

An organism with multiple genes

Answer

An organism with different alleles

Answer

An organism with one allele

Question 4

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of purple to white flowers in the F2 generation when crossing two heterozygous parents?

Accepted Answer

3 purple : 1 white

Answer

1 purple : 2 white

Answer

2 purple : 1 white

Answer

1 purple : 1 white

Question 5

In a test cross, what is being determined?

Accepted Answer

The genotype of a dominant phenotype individual

Answer

The ratio of alleles in the offspring

Answer

The DNA sequence of the organism

Answer

The phenotype of a recessive individual

Question 6

What is meant by 'independent assortment'?

Accepted Answer

Inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of any other gene

Answer

Phenotypes are determined randomly

Answer

Alleles segregate during meiosis

Answer

All genes are inherited together

Question 7

In terms of alleles, what does the 'dominant' phenotype indicate?

Accepted Answer

The phenotype that is visible in an organism with both alleles present

Answer

A phenotype that is never visible

Answer

A phenotype that is always expressed

Answer

A phenotype that cannot be inherited

Question 8

What is polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

More than one set of genes contributes to the same phenotype

Answer

Genes that are linked together

Answer

Single-gene traits that follow Mendelian rules

Answer

Inheritance patterns involving one gene only

Question 9

What is a characteristic of co-dominance?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype

Answer

Neither allele expresses a trait

Answer

One allele completely masks the other

Answer

Only one allele is present

Question 10

What does the genotype 'Bb' indicate in terms of alleles?

Accepted Answer

It is heterozygous with one dominant and one recessive allele

Answer

It consists of two dominant alleles

Answer

It is homozygous recessive

Answer

It is homozygous dominant

Question 11

What allele combination indicates a homozygous dominant genotype?

Accepted Answer

PP

Answer

pp

Answer

P

Answer

Pp

Question 12

What example illustrates incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

A red flower crossed with a white flower producing pink offspring

Answer

Two purple flowers producing only purple flowers

Answer

A black dog with brown spots

Answer

A tall plant crossed with a dwarf plant

Question 13

What does homozygous mean?

Accepted Answer

An organism or a genotype with two of the same allele

Answer

An organism with two different alleles

Answer

An organism with one visible trait

Answer

A genotype with only one allele

Question 14

What are sex-linked genes?

Accepted Answer

Genes located on the X-chromosome

Answer

Genes that are only expressed in females

Answer

Genes that determine eye color

Answer

Genes located on the Y-chromosome

Question 15

What pairs with Adenine (A) in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine (T)

Answer

Uracil (U)

Answer

Cytosine (C)

Answer

Guanine (G)

Question 16

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 17

Which of the following nucleotides is NOT found in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine (T)

Answer

Uracil (U)

Answer

Cytosine (C)

Answer

Adenine (A)

Question 18

What does DNA ligase do during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Connects fragments of the daughter strand into a single continuous polynucleotide

Answer

Adds nucleotides to the 5' end

Answer

Synthesizes new DNA strands

Answer

Unwinds the DNA strands

Question 19

During which process does RNA polymerase synthesize mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Splicing

Answer

Translation

Answer

Replication

Question 20

What is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded, RNA is usually single-stranded

Answer

Both are double-stranded

Answer

RNA has thymine; DNA has uracil

Answer

DNA uses ribose; RNA uses deoxyribose

Question 21

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Brings the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome

Answer

Unwinds DNA

Answer

Translates genes into mRNA

Answer

Synthesizes mRNA

Question 22

What happens during the termination phase of transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA synthesis ends when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence.

Answer

RNA strands separate

Answer

Introns are spliced out

Answer

Cap and tail are added

Question 23

What type of mutation involves the addition of an extra nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Insertion

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Substitution

Answer

Silent mutation

Question 24

What is the main function of a promoter in transcription?

Accepted Answer

It allows RNA polymerase to attach and start transcription.

Answer

Helps form peptide bonds

Answer

Signals the end of transcription

Answer

Splices introns from mRNA

Question 25

What structure forms the backbone of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer

Nitrogenous base

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Answer

RNA strand

Question 26

Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine

Answer

Thymine pairs with Guanine

Answer

Adenine pairs with Cytosine

Answer

Adenine pairs with Guanine

Question 27

What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize a new strand?

Accepted Answer

5' to 3' direction

Answer

3' to 5' direction

Answer

3' to 2' direction

Answer

5' to 2' direction

Question 28

What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template

Answer

It forms ribosomes

Answer

It unwinds DNA

Answer

It synthesizes proteins

Question 29

What does the term 'intron' refer to?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA or RNA that is not translated into protein

Answer

A segment of the ribosome

Answer

A type of amino acid

Answer

A coding region of RNA

Question 30

What is a 'stop codon'?

Accepted Answer

A sequence in mRNA that signals the end of protein synthesis

Answer

A site for tRNA attachment

Answer

A sequence that initiates transcription

Answer

A coding sequence for amino acids

Question 31

What is the purpose of adding a cap and tail to mRNA?

Accepted Answer

To protect the RNA and assist in translation

Answer

To degrade the RNA

Answer

To initiate transcription

Answer

To provide energy for translation

Question 32

What is a mutation?

Accepted Answer

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene

Answer

A process of DNA replication

Answer

A type of protein

Answer

An enzyme involved in transcription

Question 33

What are alleles?

Accepted Answer

Different versions of a gene.

Answer

The chromosomes that carry genes.

Answer

Identical copies of a gene.

Answer

The physical traits of an organism.

Question 34

What does the term 'wild-type' refer to?

Accepted Answer

The more common trait phenotype for a particular gene.

Answer

A recessive allele.

Answer

The dominant phenotype.

Answer

A completely new trait.

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