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Constitution I
QuizΒ by Rachel Murat
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Constitution IIIConstitution IIConstitution Influences and ReviewConstitution IVPHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION IPHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION IIDemocratic Constitution in South Africa Struggle against Apartheid β’ Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. β’ This system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. β They were forbidden from living in white areas. β’ Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. β’ The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation. β’ In 1964, Nelson Mandela and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country. Towards a New Constitution β’ As protests and struggles against apartheid had increased, the white regime changed its policies. β’ After 28 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela released from jail. β’ At the midnight of 26 April 1994, democracy was adopted as a form of government in South Africa. β’ After two years, a constitution came out which gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. Why do we need a Constitution? β’ A constitution is necessary because: β It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together. β It specifies how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions. β It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are. β It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society. Making of the Indian Constitution β’ In 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India. β’ In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent Indiaβs constitution should look like. β’ Factors contributed to the making of our Constitution. β Ideals of French Revolution β The practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain β The Bill of Rights in the US β The socialist revolution in Russia The Constituent Assembly β’ In July 1946, Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held. β The drafting of the document called the constitution was done Constituent Assembly. β Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. β In December 1946, the first meeting was held. β’ After the country was divided into India and Pakistan, the Constituent Assembly also got divided. β’ The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on 26 January 1950. β’ To mark this day we celebrate January 26 as Republic Day every year. β’ The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. β First some basic principles were decided and agreed upon. β Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. β More than two thousand amendments were considered. Philosophy of the Constitution β’ The Constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values which is called the Preamble to the constitution. The preamble focuses on: β Justice, social, economic and political. β Liberty of thoughts, expression, belief, faith and worship. β Equality of status and of opportunity. β Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.The Creature Constitution Independence Hall Philadelphia, 1786. None of the creatures in the hall were able to sleep. Every night, the mice would run through the spiders' webs. Then the spiders would chase the mice. The crickets would chirp all night. The pigeons in the clock tower would start singing early in the morning. Everyone was tired and unhappy. Maddy the Mouse had the biggest ears in the hall. She heard everything. She worried that no one would ever sleeΡ. Then the humans began meeting in the hall. Maddy sneaked into the room and listened as they talked. They needed something with rules that everyone would follow. They called it a constitution. Maddy thought a constitution was a great idea. She called a meeting. Every creature came. There were so many animals that they could barely move. "The humans have a great idea," Maddy said. "They are writing a constitution. We should have our own constitution." "What's a constitution?" asked a pigeon. "It's a list of rules for us to live by," Maddy said. "We need rules so we can all sleep." All the creatures agreed. "There are too many of us to talk about the rules right now," Maddy said. "Each group should pick five creatures to talk for them at a meeting tomorrow. They will decide what the new rules will be." The groups each went back to where they lived. They picked animals to speak for their group. The next day, the chosen creatures met. Everyone listened to each other's problems. When the groups started to argue, Maddy reminded them to work together. Each group then shared the rules that they thought would let everyone sleep better. They came up with rules that everyone could agree on. Maddy had found a way for them to all work together. The creatures asked Maddy to be their leader. They would bring new problems to Maddy and the other groups. The night they signed their constitution, the creatures in the building all had a good night's sleep.