Control Hazard and Risk Ergonomics Online Activity No. 2 : Find The Ergonomic Errors

Забезпечення безпеки харчових продуктів і запобігання харчовим отруєнням є основними цілями санітарного контролю на кухні. В кондитерському виробництві, де готуються вироби з пряничного і бісквітного тіста, критично важливим є дотримання суворих гігієнічних стандартів на всіх етапах приготування: від роботи з інгредієнтами, обладнанням та інвентарем до безпосередньо процесу випікання. Загальні вимоги, а також стандарти системи управління безпекою харчових продуктів HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) допомагають на кожному етапі виробництва кондитерських виробів забезпечити безпечне харчування та запобігти ризикам. 1. Вимоги до робочого місця в кондитерському цеху 1. Гігієнічна обробка робочих поверхонь: o Робочі поверхні, де готується тісто, мають бути виготовлені з нержавіючої сталі або інших матеріалів, які легко піддаються очищенню та дезінфекції. o Прибирання та дезінфекція поверхонь повинні виконуватися в кінці кожної зміни і після кожного значного процесу, наприклад, після замішування тіста. 2. Температурний контроль приміщень: o Приміщення має бути обладнане відповідними системами вентиляції для збереження стабільного температурного режиму. Занадто висока температура може сприяти розмноженню бактерій. o На робочому місці слід уникати надмірної вологості, адже вона сприяє росту мікроорганізмів. 3. Особиста гігієна працівників: o Усі працівники повинні мати спеціальне робоче обмундирування: фартухи, захисні шапочки, а також змінне взуття. o Перед початком роботи працівники мають ретельно мити руки з милом і використовувати антисептичний засіб. 2. Вимоги до устаткування для приготування тіста 1. Матеріали устаткування: o Устаткування для приготування тіста (наприклад, міксери, місильні машини) повинно бути виготовлене з матеріалів, які не вступають у реакцію з харчовими продуктами, таких як нержавіюча сталь. o Обладнання має бути конструкційно простим і зручним для розбирання, що полегшує його очищення. 2. Розміщення обладнання: o Машини та змішувачі повинні бути встановлені на відстані від стін і підняті над підлогою (не менше ніж на 15 см), щоб забезпечити зручний доступ для прибирання. 3. Регулярне обслуговування: o Обладнання повинно проходити регулярні санітарні обробки відповідно до внутрішніх інструкцій і стандартів HACCP. o Планове технічне обслуговування включає миття, очищення деталей, дезінфекцію, а також заміну частин у разі їх зношування. 3. Вимоги до інвентарю та інструментів 1. Інвентар для приготування тіста: o Окремий інвентар використовується для кожного типу тіста, щоб уникнути перехресного забруднення. Наприклад, для пряничного і бісквітного тіста застосовують різні миски, лопатки, качалки. o Всі інструменти мають бути з матеріалів, що дозволяють їх санітарну обробку (нержавіюча сталь, харчовий пластик). 2. Інструменти (ножі, лопатки, форми): o Ножі та лопатки повинні мати гладкі поверхні без вм'ятин і подряпин, які ускладнюють очищення. o Форми для випічки можуть мати антипригарне покриття, яке не виділяє шкідливих речовин при високих температурах. 3. Дезінфекція інструментів: o Інструменти після кожного використання повинні бути оброблені гарячою водою (мінімум 80°C) або спеціальними миючими засобами. o Зберігатися інвентар повинен в окремих контейнерах чи шафах для уникнення забруднень. 4. Документація HACCP для кондитерського цеху Документація HACCP допомагає чітко визначити ризики та шляхи їх запобігання на всіх етапах виробництва. 1. План HACCP: o Опрацьовуються критичні точки контролю, наприклад, температурний режим випічки, що забезпечує знищення патогенних мікроорганізмів. o Визначаються стандарти чистоти для кожного етапу обробки, включаючи підготовку інгредієнтів, замішування тіста, випічку, зберігання готової продукції. 2. Журнали обліку: o Журнал санітарної обробки обладнання з фіксацією дати, часу, типу дезінфекційного засобу та відповідальної особи. o Журнал температурного контролю в приміщеннях і холодильних камерах. 3. Навчання персоналу: o Працівники повинні регулярно проходити інструктажі щодо дотримання санітарних вимог. o Для цього на підприємстві ведуться облікові документи про участь у навчальних тренінгах. 5. Практичний кейс: розробка кейс-листу для зміни Для чіткого контролю за виконанням санітарних вимог можна створити кейс-лист для кожної робочої зміни, що включає наступні етапи: 1. Перед початком зміни: o Перевірка чистоти робочих поверхонь і наявності всього необхідного інвентарю. o Дезінфекція всіх інструментів та обладнання. 2. Під час зміни: o Дотримання чистоти робочого місця після кожного етапу (замішування, формування, випікання). o Контроль за температурою приміщення та обладнання, а також умовами зберігання інгредієнтів. 3. Після завершення зміни: o Очищення та дезінфекція всіх робочих поверхонь, обладнання та інструментів. o Заповнення журналів обліку, зокрема щодо використання дезінфекційних засобів та температурного режиму.

Fed. 51: To the People of the State of New York: TO WHAT expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places. Without presuming to undertake a full development of this important idea, I will hazard a few general observations, which may perhaps place it in a clearer light, and enable us to form a more correct judgment of the principles and structure of the government planned by the convention. In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another. Perhaps such a plan of constructing the several departments would be less difficult in practice than it may in contemplation appear. Some difficulties, however, and some additional expense would attend the execution of it. Some deviations, therefore, from the principle must be admitted. In the constitution of the judiciary department in particular, it might be inexpedient to insist rigorously on the principle: first, because peculiar qualifications being essential in the members, the primary consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which best secures these qualifications; secondly, because the permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that department, must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the authority conferring them. It is equally evident, that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of the others, for the emoluments annexed to their offices. Were the executive magistrate, or the judges, not independent of the legislature in this particular, their independence in every other would be merely nominal. But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights. These inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State. But it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates. The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further precautions. As the weight of the legislative authority requires that it should be thus divided, the weakness of the executive may require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified. An absolute negative on the legislature appears, at first view, to be the natural defense with which the executive magistrate should be armed. But perhaps it would be neither altogether safe nor alone sufficient. On ordinary occasions it might not be exerted with the requisite firmness, and on extraordinary occasions it might be perfidiously abused. May not this defect of an absolute negative be supplied by some qualified connection between this weaker department and the weaker branch of the stronger department, by which the latter may be led to support the constitutional rights of the former, without being too much detached from the rights of its own department? If the principles on which these observations are founded be just, as I persuade myself they are, and they be applied as a criterion to the several State constitutions, and to the federal Constitution it will be found that if the latter does not perfectly correspond with them, the former are infinitely less able to bear such a test. There are, moreover, two considerations particularly applicable to the federal system of America, which place that system in a very interesting point of view. First. In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself. Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the community independent of the majority that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable. The first method prevails in all governments possessing an hereditary or self-appointed authority. This, at best, is but a precarious security; because a power independent of the society may as well espouse the unjust views of the major, as the rightful interests of the minor party, and may possibly be turned against both parties. The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority. In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government. This view of the subject must particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the stability and independence of some member of the government, the only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more powerful factions or parties be gradnally induced, by a like motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, the weaker as well as the more powerful. It can be little doubted that if the State of Rhode Island was separated from the Confederacy and left to itself, the insecurity of rights under the popular form of government within such narrow limits would be displayed by such reiterated oppressions of factious majorities that some power altogether independent of the people would soon be called for by the voice of the very factions whose misrule had proved the necessity of it. In the extended republic of the United States, and among the great variety of interests, parties, and sects which it embraces, a coalition of a majority of the whole society could seldom take place on any other principles than those of justice and the general good; whilst there being thus less danger to a minor from the will of a major party, there must be less pretext, also, to provide for the security of the former, by introducing into the government a will not dependent on the latter, or, in other words, a will independent of the society itself. It is no less certain than it is important, notwithstanding the contrary opinions which have been entertained, that the larger the society, provided it lie within a practical sphere, the more duly capable it will be of self-government. And happily for the REPUBLICAN CAUSE, the practicable sphere may be carried to a very great extent, by a judicious modification and mixture of the FEDERAL PRINCIPLE. PUBLIUS.

• Agriculture is growing of crops and keeping of animals. • People who practice agriculture are called farmers. • Agriculture is very important to the family. Benefits to the family • It provides food. • It provides money. • Agriculture gives us medicine. • It provides jobs. • Agriculture gives us transport and power. • It helps most families become self sufficient. • Farm tools are instruments used on farms to make work easier. • They are usually handheld and are used frequently when practicing agricultural activities. • Farm tools are light in weight, easy to handle and are suited to the strength of the farmer Name of tool Picture Use Watering can For fine watering of seed beds bucket Carrying manure, fertilizer,seed and ripe crops Name of tool Picture Use Sickle Cutting grass and harvesting of cereals like rice and wheat Slasher Cutting down tall grass and weeds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden trowel Transplanting seedlings and making planting holes Hand fork Shallow cultivation of soil Aerating the soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Shovel Loading and offloading soil or manure into a wheelbarrow, scotch cart or truck Spade Digging and turning over of moist soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden fork Loosening and turn soil Garden line Marking straight ridges and garden beds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use wheelbarrow Moving items around the farm Items such as soil, mulch, animal feed. Etc Knapsack sprayer Spraying pesticides and herbicides Spraying fertilizers on crops. • An inventory is a record of the things that you have. • This is a list of tools issued out and tools received back and from whom Inventory of farm tools Inventory record sheets Created by Date Name of tool Sheet Tool numbenumber Description r Location Quantity Spade 1/15 Black,wooden handle Store room 2 SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE • Agricultural activities can be dangerous. • Hazards involved results in injury, disability and death of people and animals. • The hazards are usually caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning. Common hazards in Agriculture 1. physical injury These include: • Injury caused by accidents during use of farm tools, equipment and machinery. • Misuse and improper storage of farm tools and equipment. • Being kicked by animals. • Drowning in farm pond, pool or dam. Common hazards in Agriculture 2 . Chemical poisoning These include: • Spraying without protective clothing. • Eating or smoking when spraying chemicals. • Dumping toxic chemical left overs on land and in water. • Eating agriculture produces without prior permission from adults. • Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers pollute water sources and kill animals. Chemical poisoning Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards 1. Wear protective clothing such as gloves, gumboots, respirator, hat and overalls. 2. Do not eat, drink or smoke when spraying. 3. Dispose off all chemical remains safely. 4. Bury or burn empty chemical containers and chemical left overs. 5. Wash thoroughly with running water and soap after using chemicals. 6. Do not spray during windy days. 7. Handle tools the right way. 8. Fence farm ponds and dams. Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards Climate and Landuse Seasons of Zimbabwe Seasons of Zimbabwe Definition of terms • A season is a time of the year with almost the same weather patterns. • Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time at a particular place. • it is the daily condition of air around us. • Seasons are determined by rainfall and temperature. Seasons of Zimbabwe • There are four seasons in Zimbabwe , which are: 1.The rain season 2.Post rain season 3.Cool dry season 4.Hot dry season Seasons of Zimbabwe 1.The rain season ( summer) • It is also called the hot- wet season. • The season begins in mid November to mid March. • The period is rainy and hot. • Dams and rivers fill up. Seasons of Zimbabwe 2 . The post rain season ( autumn ) • It starts mid March – May • The days are bright and sunny. • The leaves change from green to red, orange, yellow or brown before falling. • In addition, there is less sunlight because the days are shorter. • It is the harvesting period of most crops. Seasons of Zimbabwe 3. The cold dry season ( winter ) • It begins mid May – mid August • The mornings, evenings and nights are very cold. • Has short days and long nights. Seasons of Zimbabwe 4 . The hot season (spring ) • It begins mid August – mid November. • The days are very hot with cool nights. • A season for trees to develop new shoots. Summer Activities Agricultural activities done during the rain season includes: • Ploughing and planting of summer crops for example maize, cotton. • Weeding • Pest and disease control • Applying fertilizers. • Weekly dipping of animals because ticks, lice and mites would be many. • Harvesting of summer crops • Preparing fireguards. A fireguard is a fire break. • Beginning of the planting of wheat, barley and oats. Winter Activities • Planting of winter crops such as wheat, barley and oats. • Harvesting and selling of summer crops continues. • Constructing frost barriers for frost sensitive crops such as tomatoes. • Vaccinating animals against blackleg. • Supplementary feeding of grazing animals. • Dosing of animals to kill internal parasites. Spring Activities • Shelling and threshing of grain crops. • Dry planting of summer crops. • Carrying manure to fields. • Ploughing and harrowing. • Making planting holes Soil Components •Soil is made up of 4 components: 1)Mineral matter 2)Organic matter 3)Soil water 4)Soil air

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