What was the spoils system?

A system in which political supporters are rewarded with government positions.

A system of taxation based on income.

A system for regulating international trade.

A system for distributing wealth to all citizens.

What is nullification?

The belief that states have the right to nullify federal laws they deem unconstitutional.

The process of electing a new president.

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Who was Frederick Douglass?

An escaped slave who became a prominent abolitionist and speaker.

A Founding Father who authored the Declaration of Independence.

A President of the United States.

A famous inventor and scientist.

What is the Bill of Rights?

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that protect individual liberties.

A treaty with England that ended the War of 1812.

A text explaining the principles of Manifest Destiny.

A document outlining the powers of the President and Congress.

Who was Andrew Jackson?

The seventh President of the United States known for his populist policies and expansionist agenda.

The first President of the United States who led the Revolutionary War.

An early Supreme Court Chief Justice.

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

A treaty signed in 1814 that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.

A treaty that established the border between Mexico and the United States.

A treaty that gave Spain control of the Philippines.

A treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War.

Who were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

Two prominent leaders in the women's rights movement of the 19th century.

Two wealthy socialites who hosted lavish parties.

Two influential artists of the Renaissance period.

Who were the Democratic-Republicans?

A political party in the early United States that was composed of farmers and common people who supported limited government.

A group of aristocrats who opposed democracy.

A political party that supported a strong central government and a national bank.

A religious group that advocated for celibacy and communal living.

What are implied powers?

Powers that are not explicitly stated in the United States Constitution but are necessary to carry out the duties of the federal government.

Powers that are specifically granted to the states in the Constitution.

Powers that are granted to the President in times of war.

Powers that are granted to the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution.

What is an indentured servant?

A person who signs a contract to work for a set number of years in exchange for passage to a new country or other benefits.

A person who is elected to public office.

A person who is granted land in exchange for military service.

A person who is forced to work without pay.

According to an accepted amendment to the Missouri Compromise, slavery

could expand into the Arkansas territory but not the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.

was allowed to expand into all parts of the Louisiana Purchase.

was banned from all new territories of the United States.

could expand into the Louisiana territory but not the Arkansas territory.

What was the goal of the American Temperance Union?

To eliminate the use of alcohol in America

To promote the use of alcohol in America

To promote smoking cigarettes in America

To increase the use of drugs in America

What was the stance of the Monroe Doctrine regarding European colonies in the Americas?

It opposed any new colonies and intervention in existing ones.

It supported the creation of new colonies in South America.

It only opposed French colonies.

It only opposed Spanish colonies.

What was the primary reason for European exploration of the Americas?

To find new trade routes to Asia

What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison?

It established the principle of judicial review

It granted women the right to vote

It established the doctrine of separate but equal

It declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional

What is the duty of the judicial department, according to Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison?

To interpret the law and decide which rule applies to a case when there is a conflict between the law and the constitution

To enforce the law as it is written by the legislative branch

To interpret the constitution in a broad and flexible way

To amend the constitution as necessary

What were the main political differences between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?

The role of federal government and interpretation of the Constitution

The type of economic policies each party preferred

Their stance on environmental conservation

Their opinions on foreign policies

Creating A Nation (TEST B)

Creating a Nation Test

Creating a Nation

Creating a Nation Common Assessment

Unit 3 Creating a Nation Part 2

Creating a New Nation

Democratic Constitution in South Africa Struggle against Apartheid • Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. • This system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. → They were forbidden from living in white areas. • Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. • The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation. • In 1964, Nelson Mandela and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country. Towards a New Constitution • As protests and struggles against apartheid had increased, the white regime changed its policies. • After 28 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela released from jail. • At the midnight of 26 April 1994, democracy was adopted as a form of government in South Africa. • After two years, a constitution came out which gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. Why do we need a Constitution? • A constitution is necessary because: → It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together. → It specifies how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions. → It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are. → It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society. Making of the Indian Constitution • In 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India. • In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent India’s constitution should look like. • Factors contributed to the making of our Constitution. → Ideals of French Revolution → The practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain → The Bill of Rights in the US → The socialist revolution in Russia The Constituent Assembly • In July 1946, Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held. → The drafting of the document called the constitution was done Constituent Assembly. → Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. → In December 1946, the first meeting was held. • After the country was divided into India and Pakistan, the Constituent Assembly also got divided. • The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on 26 January 1950. • To mark this day we celebrate January 26 as Republic Day every year. • The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. → First some basic principles were decided and agreed upon. → Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. → More than two thousand amendments were considered. Philosophy of the Constitution • The Constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values which is called the Preamble to the constitution. The preamble focuses on: → Justice, social, economic and political. → Liberty of thoughts, expression, belief, faith and worship. → Equality of status and of opportunity. → Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

Ostinato Music Definition Ostinato (plural – ostinati or ostinatos) is an Italian word meaning obstinate or persistent and is used in music to describe a musical phrase or rhythm that is repeated persistently. The repeated pattern could be a melody, a figure in the bass – called a basso ostinato or simply a repeated rhythmic idea. An ostinato may be played for an entire piece of music or just during one section. The key aspect to remember in the definition of an ostinato is that it is a pattern that is repeated persistently in a piece of music. Rhythmic Ostinato A rhythmic ostinato is a rhythmic pattern that is persistently repeated. It will often be played on an untuned percussion instrument (e.g. snare drum, triangle, etc..). However, rhythmic ostinati can also be found in parts played on pitched instruments where the note pitch stays the same or where the pitches change as the phrase is repeated. The key characteristic is that it is the rhythm that is persistently repeated.In Maurice Ravel’s “Bolero” the use of a rhythmic ostinato brings a magical and almost hypnotic feel to the piece as the percussive pattern contrasts with the sweeping and almost improvisatory nature of the flute melody. Have a look at the pattern below and listen to its use in the audio extract: Rhythmic Ostinato Example from Ravel Bolero.A rhythmic ostinato is an excellent technique that composers use for creating drama and tension. One of the most famous examples of this is from “Mars” by Gustav Holst. Have a look/listen to the rhythmic pattern: Rhythmic Ostinato Example from Gustav Holst Mars. This rhythmic pattern is played relentlessly throughout the piece and forms the basis for the intense drama associated with the subject – Mars, the god of war! Have a listen to this extract of the piece performed by the United States Air Force Band:You can hear how the relentless sound of a rhythmic ostinato is extremely effective at building tension as the music around it changes and develops. This effect is heightened in the extract from Mars as the bass note remains on a G throughout the extract and acts as a pedal point. Not surprisingly, rhythmic ostinati are used widely in dramatic film music. Hans Zimmer is a film composer who makes considerable use of this technique across the many film scores he has written. Have a listen to the opening from his theme for the film “Pirates of the Caribbean” performed by the Auckland Symphony Orchestra:You can hear that there are a number of different ostinati in many of the different parts that are layered to produce the overall sound. Here is the rhythmic ostinato that forms the basis of the melody line: Rhythmic Ostinato Example Hans ZimmerMelodic ostinato A melodic ostinato is a repeated pattern where both the rhythm and the melody form the basis for the repeated pattern. These often occur in the bass part where they are called a basso ostinato. Basso Ostinato A basso ostinato is a repeated pattern in the bass part of a piece. This technique became particularly popular in the 17th century where a number of Baroque dances were based upon ostinati in the bass part. In dances such as the passacaglia the bass remained constant throughout the piece whilst the other parts developed. This technique is called “ground bass” and you can have a look at my lesson on ground bass for some examples of this. The most famous example of a basso ostinato is Pachelbel’s Canon in D. Ostinati Examples in Contemporary Music Rhythmic and melodic ostinatos have had a massive influence on contemporary popular music across a wide range of genres. This can be seen in 2 main ways: Riffs (short melodic phrases) – these are effectively contemporary expressions of ostinato. Loops – rhythmic and melodic phrases are repeated to create the characteristic sound of contemporary productions. As a result, you will probably be able to find examples of the use of repeated patterns/ostinati in most contemporary songs. However, there are some songs where the use of an ostinato provides the clear foundation for the song and these are useful examples to listen to. Examples of Ostinati Riffs Seven Nation Army by White Stripes The guitar riff from Seven Nation Army is one of the most famous modern guitar riffs and is used as an ostinato that plays throughout the song. It is an excellent example of a melodic ostinato:Back in Black by AC/DC The opening guitar riff in this song is another great example:Examples of Loops Loops are repeated patterns that are clearly built on the concept of ostinati. They are used widely in contemporary music. Hip hop songs often use loops as the foundation for the track. Still D.R.E by Dr. Dre ft. Snoop Dogg In this song a piano loop plays throughout the whole track and forms the foundation of the song:

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