is the process of breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, gravity and changing temperatures.

agents of weathering

Types of Weathering

Types of Physical Weathering

Types of Chemical Weathering

Types of Biological Weathering

Weathering

Earth's Internal Heat Sources

It took a long time for ___________ to move from the internal part of the Earth going to its surface.

There had been ______________ of heat within the core to the mantle of the earth.

Earth is considered as ______________ since its main source of internal heat come from the produced decay of some naturally occurring isotopes from its interior.

Radioactive decay emits _____________ that prevents the Earth from completely cooling off.

The escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat generated from internal _____________, so heat builds up with.

_______________ under tremendous pressure conditions acquires the property of a solid and is probably in a ____________.

The ______________ intense pressure prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements from ____________.

The ____________ and density are simply too great for the iron atoms to move into a ____________.

Magma Melting

magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the volcano to grow on the inside. What is meant by the intrusion of magma is the inclusion of the rock layers forming the earth's crust (magma does not get out).

refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth's surface.

are igneous rock formations that are created when the process of crystallization and solidification of magma takes places below the Earth's surface and particularly in the crust

is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth.

is used to describe all geological phenomena that occurs on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs.

recap

in which rocks change in form, composition, and structure due to intense heat and pressure and sometimes with the introduction of chemically active fluids.

It plays a crucial role in metamorphism. The heat affects the rock’s chemical composition, mineralogy, and texture.

at a depth of about 8 to 15 kilometers from the surface of the crust, metamorphic reactions begin. The rocks adjust to the new temperature causing their atoms and ions to recrystallize and form new arrangements thereby creating new mineral assemblages.

The rate at which temperature increases with depth in the Earth’s crust is known as ________________ which varies on plate tectonic settings like the thickness of the crust or whether the area is in the subduction zone between oceanic and continental or under the converging two continental crusts.

In a nutshell, the higher the temperature, the higher the metamorphism grade until such time when the temperature is high enough to melt the rocks resulting in the formation of magma.

pressure

ambot na oi

in which the alteration process is caused by fluids passing through the rock and catalyzing chemical reactions. For example, when the heat of the intrusive igneous body heats up the groundwater containing dissolved minerals, convection of water forms flowing through the surrounding rocks and penetrating through them

The dissolved minerals in the fluids react with rocks causing changes in chemical and mineral compositions and sometimes completely replacing one mineral with another without changing the textures of the rocks.

This causes serpentines to form through oxidation and hydration chemical reaction of peridotites- olivine-rich rocks at the base of the oceanic crust. This is known as

types of metamorphism