Freedoms of religion, speech, assembly, press, petition, & assembly

Right to bear arms; militia is necessary for a free state

Housing of soldiers

No unreasonable search or arrest

No person tried without grand jury indictment or punished twice for same offense. Due process of law.

Rights of accused in criminal cases.

Trial by jury.

No excessive bail or cruel punishment.

People retain rights not listed in the Constitution.

Power not given to the federal government is given to the people or states. (Very important for state governments.)

First Ten Amendments

Abolish Slavery

Gave African Americans right to vote

Senators elected by direct population. (In the past, Senators were elected by state legislators.)

Prohibition--no alcoholic beverages bought or sold in United States

Women's Right to Vote

Repealed Prohibition

2 term limit on Presidents

Poll taxes cannot prevent voting rights

Lowered voting age to 18 from 21

Changing the Constitution--

2/3 vote of each house of Congress or national constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures

ratified by at least 3/4 of the state legislatures or by specially called conventions in at least 3/4 of the states

5th amendment--principle stating the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals

movement during the 1700s that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society; influenced American revolutionaries and founders

Enlightenment thinker who wrote Social Contract and promoted government in which laws should only be made by the people (general will)

freedoms people posses relating to life, liberty, and property

Enlightenment thinkers--philosopher, natural rights and social contract theory

John Locke argued government's only purpose was to defend the natural rights of life, liberty, and property and that government were a product of the people (consent of the governed)

A system of government in which as hereditary king or queen is the legislative and executive authority; today, most monarchies are limited

Form of government where hereditary leader has total power to make and enforce laws. (King/Queen)

A government that has most of the power over the people and exercises strict control over the people's lives

Wrote spirit of laws, influenced constitution, separation of powers, abolition of slavery

a form of government in which citizens of a nation choose other citizens to rule on their behalf--same as representative democracy--began in Rome

a form of government which the citizens of a country elect other citizens to rule on their behalf--same as a republic

Political value system that stresses liberty and "unalienable" rights as central values, makes the people as a whole sovereign, rejects aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent in their performance of civic duties, and vilifies corruption

Principle of government that says no person is above the law or entitled to special legal treatment because of their status

An enlightenment theory that says the people in a community will give up freedoms in return for protection and to live in peace with each other. It is the basic rationale for why government exists.

Enlightenment thinker who wrote Leviathan and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society

A book written by Thomas Hobbes that a strong central government must maintain order to protect the natural rights of people. When government violates this, people have the right to revolt.

An agreement or contract created by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower which was a written plan for government

Type of government in which people have a direct or indirect say in the making of laws and the selection of leaderhsip

Style of management in which the executive listens to and uses advice from others

System of government where citizens vote on or have input in all laws that are made

Principle of government that says government should not have too much power because it will become too powerful

policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy; also a leadership that lets people do their jobs with little oversight or interference

early English document of democracy that limited the power of the king

Protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the American Bill of Rights. Identified topics such as freedom of religion and protection from cruel and unusual punishment.

Principle of democratic government that the power of government rests in the people and that they should decide public policy.

signed July 4, 1776 by the Second Continental Congress, declaring the American colonies as an independent nation--written mostly by Thomas Jefferson

First constitution in the U.S., only lasted 10 years; had a very weak national government because colonists were afraid of tyranny

A plan, often written, that details the rules, functions, and principles of a government

Rights that we are born with and cannot be taken away by a government without due process; life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness; listed in Declaration of Independence

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

A group of Americans who supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they believed in the balance of power that would exist between the states and national government

Did not support the ratification of the Constitution because they preferred a weak central government. The Bill of Rights was added to help the Anti-Federalists ratify the Constitution.

branch of government headed by the President, carries out the nation's laws and policies; at the state level, it is headed by the governor

The 15 executive branch departments and agencies of the federal government responsible for carrying out laws, administering programs, and making regulations in their particular area of responsibility

branch of government that makes the laws; made up of 2 houses, senate and house of representatives

A two-body legislature--2 houses of Congress--created due to Great Compromise--each body has some different functions and powers than the other.

Agreement of the Constitutional Convention between the large and small states that created the Senate and House of Representatives

Each state elects 2 Senators to Congress. 100 Senators in U.S. Congress. Called the upper house

Each state elects a different number based on the state's population. Currently 435 members. Sometimes called the lower house.

physically making money; power of Congress, carried out by Treasury

The senate and house of representatives of Missouri that are responsible for making laws and checking executive power.

Branch that interprets laws and applies laws equally, fairly, and with the goal of achieving justice (the Supreme Court, and all lower courts)

A principle of government in which the functions of government, those of law making, law enforcing and law interpreting, are divided so as to prevent abuse of power and to maximize efficiency in job performance

a system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Officials who build relations between countries and act as representatives of a nation's interests in foreign lands.

An effort by political candidates and their supporters to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in their quest for political office

an economic system in which the people, not the government, decide what will be produced, how much of it will be produced, and at what price it will be sold

Population count conducted every 10 years used to determine how many representatives each state will receive in the House

membership in a state or community which gives a person civil and political rights and obligations

is the sense of personal responsibility individuals should feel to uphold their obligations as part of any community

This act made racial, religious, and sexual discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places

a political system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government

legal according to the United States Constitution

When the government makes laws or regulations with the intention of protecting those in society who use goods

The Supreme Court opinion that is written by a justice who disagreed with the majority opinion

an illegal action of a government in which a person found not guilty is tried again for the crime in which they were acquitted

a paper a man 18 or older would get during a time of war that tells him he must report for active service in the military

system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs

the process by which citizens vote for people to represent them

group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president

changing over time--the Constitution and civil rights has been evolving

landmark federal law passed in 1965 and amended in 1988 that makes it illegal to deny rent or refuse to sell to anyone based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The 1988 amendment expanded the protections to include family status and disability.

a detailed financial document containing estimates of federal income and spending during the coming fiscal year

all the money borrowed by the federal government over the years and still outstanding; the money is borrowed to pay for the budget deficits

when the government spends more on programs than it collects in taxes in a fiscal year

money for state or federal programs that comes from the federal government

legislation that is created in Washington, D.C. that all Americans must follow

A tool that the minority voting group in the senate uses to delay or obstruct a vote on a bill by making long speeches

Longest-serving president in U.S. history; served during the Great Depression and World War II; grew the power of the presidency tremendously through his use of executive orders and actions

a legal principle that requires authorities to show reasons why a person should be held in custody and to provide a speedy trial

Last executive department that was created whose primary responsibility is to protect America from terrorism

The Congressional process of charging and trying a government official for unethical, immoral, or illegal activities; impeachment has only been used twice in United States history

hard work; the organized action of making of goods and services for sale

a person who reads about candidates and issues before casting a ballot during an election

a group of people with common goals who organize to influence government

the act of reading and explaining what a law means

the action of the supreme court to declare a law to be either constitutional or unconstitutional

the legal authority of a specific court to hear a case

the required civic responsibility for a citizen to sit on a jury and make a decision in a court case

to perform hard work; a group of people who work

a group of workers who work together in a similar industry and who protect each other's working rights and interests

agencies such as the fbi, police department, sheriff's department, etc. that make sure people obey the law

representative of an interest group who contacts lawmakers or other government officials directly to influence their policy making

a principle of democratic government that when disagreements on proposed laws exist, whatever most of the people want is what the law will be (but the laws must respect all people's rights)

Any political party in a legislative body that has fewer members than the party in power

a principle of government that says all citizens must have guaranteed protections that are beyond the power of the majority to change

working in Article 1 that says congress can make any laws that are needed to carry out other expressed powers; for example, congress can make laws regarding the draft because the power to "raise an army" is expressed in the Constitution

a person who has been chosen for a position but who must go through another process before he or she is officially in that position; primary elections narrow down candidates to one nominee, but that person must still win the general election before they can get their position

the legal authority of a state or federal court to hear a court case for the first time

a verb that describes the action of the legislative branch to make a presidential veto null and void; it takes 2/3 of both the House and Senate to override a veto

a form of democratic government in which the legislative and executive functions of the government are in the same group instead of separating them into separate branches like in the U.S.; British parliament; this is the most common form of democracy in the world; the chief executive is usually referred to as the Prime Minister

list of policy positions a party endorses and pledges its elected officials to enact

a committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations

a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy

an election for the purpose of narrowing down a field of candidates in the same party to a single individual that will run in the general election against nominees of other parties

the use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector; like the government regulates factory emissions

something that citizens must do as members of society because the law says they must do it; jury duty, male selective service (draft)

powers that primarily belong to the states and not the federal government; the tenth amendment specifically establishes this phrase; education, marriage and divorce, transportation

specific freedoms and protections guaranteed by law

a state action of giving money to a state entity or a business in exchange for a service; Missouri funds schools with state tax revenue

laws that are created by and pertain only to an individual state

a speech given by the President in January of each year to Congress in order to describe national issues and to express the President's desires that Congress take legislative action on those issues

the process in Missouri in which laws are placed on a ballot for the people of the state to vote on; this is as close to direct democracy as we get

a political party other than the Democratic and Republican parties that draw small percentages of voters away from the two parties. They can often have an influence on local and state elections, and sometimes impact national elections as well.

official and usually binding agreements made between two or more executive leaders of nations; treaties must be ratified by 2/3 vote of the senate

Courts of original jurisdiction in the U.S. court system; these courts are where federal trials take place

rights that cannot be taken away from a person; life, liberty and pursuit of happiness are unalienable rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence

describes a law that violates the constitution and therefore must be struck down and made null and void

a civic responsibility in which citizens cast a ballot to make laws and choose candidates; it is the ultimate display of popular sovereignty

consent of the people; the people's rule

law made by congress to ensure that African American's right to vote was not infringed in states, counties, and towns that wanted to deny them this crucial right; gave federal government the power to prosecute violators

powers shared by both the federal and state governments

Civil rights case that made school segregation illegal; (separate is inherently unequal) paved the way for laws that made nearly all forms of discrimination illegal; was a unanimous decision; turned over Plessy v. Ferguson

the political party in a legislative body that has more members than any other political party

The first supreme court decision that rules on the unconstitutionality of a federal law, thus showing its power of judicial review;

an 1819 supreme court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, chief justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the constitution...

Supreme Court Case that says authorities must read a person in custody their legal rights before they begin questioning them

5th and 6th amendment rights that are supposed to be read to a person in custody of law enforcement before questioning begins

supreme court case in the 1890s that said separate public facilities for blacks and whites was legal as long as they were equal.

Supreme Court case that says that individuals have the first amendment right to burn the flag and that states cannot make laws that prevent them from doing so

Supreme Court ruled that the president is not above the law.

Supreme Court ruled that both children and adults have the right to due process of law

Supreme Court ruled that a fair criminal trial requires that the defendant be given a lawyer

Supreme Court ruled it is okay to violate people's civil rights during wartime

Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution gives the federal government sole power (supremacy) over interstate commerce

Supreme Court ruled that African Americans cannot be U.S. citizens and that Congress has no power to forbid slavery in U.S. Territories

Supreme Court ruled that a women has a legal right to an abortion under certain cirumstances

maintain order; provide services; resolve conflicts; promote values

population is too big

monarchy and legislative both hold power

power is concentrated in the hands of a single person or a small group of people

rulers seek complete control over all aspects of citizens lives including political and social

a small group of people hold power

by the people

president

president

chosen by the legislature

prime minister

monarch

all legal power is held by the national or central government (United Kingdom, Israel, Japan)

independent states join itogether to accomplish a common goal (Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates)

private ownership, free market, limited government interference

state owns, command, often fails

government commands, distribute wealth evenly

1628--limited and representative government

absolute rule of government--ignores the rights of people

John Lock--natural rights, unalienable rights

newspaper articles supporting the ratification of the constitution

Missouri's legislative body

Governor; Jay Nixon

the order of people set to replace the president

Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tempore

538

270

10

leader of senate (votes to break a tie); first in line to succeed the president; spokesperson for the president

15

Secretary of something or Attorney General

Direct control of all branches of military

makes currency, mints coins, includes IRS

protects U.S. homeland in case of attack or disaster

government controls spending and taxing policies to influence the economy

the federal reserve controls money supply and interest rates to influence the economy

435

2 years

100

6 years

necessary and proper clause or elastic clause; not specifically listed in the constitution, but give Congress the power to do what is necessary and proper for good of the people

powers listed in the constitution

supreme court's ability to declare a law unconstitutional

congress cannot create a law that allows the conviction and assessment of punishment without due process of law

Speaker of the House

Vice President

President Pro Tem

Republican

Democrat

voting

follow law, taxes, jury duty, census