nonliving (examples: Rocks, water, viruses, soil)

the movement of molecules against concentration gradient, that is from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration, and therefore REQUIRING ENERGY (ATP)

any feature or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reduce in its environment

a process by which different species develop from a common ancestor because different groups of an offspring are adapted for different environments

The molecule that carries the energy produced by respiration in its third, high energy phosphate bond; used by cells to provide energy necessary for chemical reactions

relating to a reaction that requires the presence of oxygen

one of the different forms in which a gene can occur, there are at least two alleles for every traits.

any of the organic component of proteins eitheter manufactored by cells or indgesed by the organism.

relating to a reactionn that can occur without the presence of oxygen.

The third phase in mitosis, during which the chromatids separate and move toward opposite centrioles

A kingdom of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, most of which can move about freely at some point in their life cycle

A medication used to treat bacterial infections. Living things can become resistant to antibiotics over time, meaning the antibiotics may no longer be effective.

A sequence of three nucleotide bases on a molecule of transfer RNA that corresponds to a complementary sequence of three nucleotide bases on a messenger RNA molecule

a bacteria that lives in colonies near intensely hot midocean ridges

any of the non sex chromosomes (pairs 1-22)

an organism that produces its own food including photosynthetic organisms such as green plants (hint: auto= think AUTOMATICALLY produces it's food...through photosynthesis!)

an inherited behavior such as feeding mating breeding or migrating that helps it survive in its environment

a system of classification in which an organism is given a two word scientific name in Latin designating its genus and species

the variety and number of organisms on the Earth

an area having similar climate and land forms throughout hosting a large set of ecosystems

a living organism (a living thing like plant, animal, or bacteria)

one of the essential chemicals for life, used for energy and structure; made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

the movement of carbon through an ecosystem, primarily through photosynthesis and respiration

the process of synthesizing sugars from carbon dioxide and water

an animal that gets its energy for life by eating other animals

the maximum number of organisms that can exist an ecosystem given the available resources

the events in the life of a dividing cell, consisting of the g1,s,g2 and m phases

a structure in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane important for external cell structure and the protection of cell's contents also present in algae and certain bacteria

the process in which carbon-rich sugar molecules react with oxygen to make energy for a cell's use occurs in heterotrophs and autotrophs

a cell structure that helps separate the contents of the nucleus during cell divisions

the structure that binds chromatids together at the middle

the process of obtaining energy for life processes from the chemicals in surrounding water

one of the photosynthetic pigments found in plant chloroplasts

the structure in plants that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

one of two identical strands of a replicated chromosome

numerous strands of DNA, coiled and bunched together: the individual strands that make up chromosomes

any of the tubelike bodies within the nucleus containing DNA and protein: chromosomes carry the genetic code for an organism's inherited characteristics

a diagram used to classify related organisms according to their primitive and derived traits.

a taxonomic category below the phylum and above the order categories.

a situation in which both alleles express themselves in an organism that is heterozygous for a trait.

a three-base sequence on mRNA that tRNA uses to provide the correct amino acid.

the process in which two species evolve in response to each other.

a symbiotic relationship in which one participant experiences a benefit and the other is unaffected.

a variety of populations that coexist an ecosystem.

a rivalry that occurs when two species or two individuals within a species need the same resource-food, shelter, and so on-to survive.

the varying levels of concentration of a substance on either side of a membrane or in an area.

a decision or claim based on investigation and evidence

in an experiment, a group of subject identical to the experimental subjects in every way, except that the control group is not exposed to the independent variable

the factor in an experiment that remains constant while the independent variable is manipulated

different species in similar environments evolving similar adaptations

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosome during meiosis I.

the phase immediately following mitosis,in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

the phase immediately following mitosis, in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.

a combination of inorganic and organic substances outside the nucleus.

the support framework inside the cell made up of microfilaments and microtubules

a cell produced from a parent cell by mitosis or meiosis

an organism (e.g., bacterium, fungus) that breaks down other organisms into organic molecules after they have died

the process of birth and death rates lowering, accompanied by development, that modern populations tend to go through

bacterial reduction of nitrates or nitrites

a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic code

the factor in an experiment that changes (or doesn't change)in response to the independent variable (manipulated) variable; sometimes called the responding variable

a key for identifying organisms based on series of choices between alternative characters.

the general process by which all materials transfer passively in and out of cells.

a cell that has two sets of chromosomes

the broadest, most general group in taxonomy

the form of a trait that is always expressed when at least one allele for is present.

shape of DNA that makes it look like a twisted ladder

the movement of organisms (living things) OUT of an area. Think: "E" = EXIT

a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions (like digestion). Has an active site that is a specific shape that binds to a substrate (substance). They reduce activation energy for a reaction to occur.

a collection of living organisms and their environment

a cell that has membrane-bound organelles and genetic material contained inside a nucleus (examples: Plant & Animal cells)

the process by which living things change over long periods of time.

the period of rapid population growth before the carrying capacity is reached . No population can grow exponentially forever because it reaches carrying capacity!

A taxonomic category below the order and above the genus categories; a group of closely related genera

The process of union of two gametes, in which the somatic chromosome number is restored

The first hybrid offspring in a genetic cross- fertilization

The capacity/ability for an organism to survive and reproduce in its evironment

A diagram showing the food relationships between multiple organisms within a community

All the information gathered from fossil findings

A kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that decompose other organisms; yeast are the only single-celled fungi

a sex cell containing only half the usual number of chromosomes; in sexual reproduction, the genetic material from the male gamete (sperm) combines with genetic material from the female gamete (egg) to create new offspring.

DNA sequence that codes for a particular protein and, therefore a specific trait

the appearance of a particular trait in an organism through the process of DNA transcription and protein synthesis.

A cell's control over which genes it expresses and which genes it does not express

the combination of dominant and recessive genes (alleles) in an organism's cell.

A taxonomic category below the family and above the species categories; a group of similar species

A six-carbon sugar that is the usual form in which organisms process carbohydrates

the anaerobic portion of cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm.

An organelle that stores, modifies, packages, and ships enzymes and makes other molecules

plant that makes seeds without flowers

The normal place or environment in which an organism is from

a cell such as a gamete that has only one set of chromosomes

an organism whose sole food source is plants.

an organism requiring complex organic compounds of nitrogen and carbon for metabolic synthesis

the type of genetic combination that occurs when an organism has two different alleles for one trait.

a dormant condition that some animals enter when temperatures are low and food is scarce

detection and maintenance of a body's internal environment.

chromosome pairs that posses genes for the same trait at the same positions

physical features in different organisms that correspond to another feature in different species

the type of genetic combination that occurs when an organism possesses two identical alleles for one trait

the movement of water through the biosphere

a tentative explanation that can be tested by observation or expirement

the permanent relocation for new individuals in a population

a type of inheritance in which F1 hybrids have a phenotype that looks like a "blend" between the parental phenotype

a variable that is isolated for study in an expirement; sometimes called a manipulated variable

a conclusion based on limited factual info.

a behavior shown by an organism that does not need to be learned

the result of incomplete dominance or codominance where phenotypes appear "blended"

a nonnative species that outcompetes one or more native species in a habitat

a photo that organizes chromosomes by number, size and type

the most general taxonomic group made up of similar phyla

alleles travel to the next generation independently of one another, not in pairs of dominant alleles or recessive alleles

behavior gained by life experience

a plant with root nodules that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

some condintions that limits how many organism live in a area

one of the essential chemicals for life; can form a structural part of a cell membrane or a stored fat ised for energy; includes phospholipids, fats, waxes and steriods

a membrane bound organelle that digest sugar and wastes

a set of actions and responses performed by individuals of a species to attract a member of the opposite sex.

A process that divides a cells nucleus, resulting in a sex cells (gametes) that have half the chromosomes of a regular cell.

the second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and attach to spindles at their centromeres.

movement of a population into or out of an area, typically to find food or to breed.

a membrane-bound organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration.

the process within cell division by which the original nucleus gives rise to two identical daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus this type of division is required for cell growth and repair.

A kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes that can be either hetero- or autotrophic and that are the most abundant life-forms on Earth; most researchers now split the kingdom Monera into the kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

The number of deaths in a population in a given place and time

a type of RNA that transcribes a gene and then carries that info to the Ribosomes for protein synthesis.

an organism made of 2 or more (multi = multiple) cells. Examples: Plants and animals

Any trait which is coded for by more than a single pair of alleles

Any change in a gene; in gametes, mutations can cause a new trait to appear in offspring

A symbiotic relationship in which both participants experience a benefit

The number of births in a population in a given place and time

Something found in nature that humans use

survival of the fittest, the theory that organisms that are best adapted are the ones most likely to survive and reproduce

a comfortable or suitable position in life or employment:

conversion by bacteria of ammonium compounds to nitrate compounds

The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms.

sources of energy that will probably be depleted while humans live on earth

Any of the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) is a non renewable source of energy. Any resource for which there is a finite or limited supply.

a plant that relies on being in direct contact with water to survive because it lacks an internal system to transport material

one of the essential chemical for life the informational blueprint for the production of proteins: DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids

the basic unit of a nucleic acid; made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

the control center of a eukaryotic cell that contain's the cell's DNA

An organism that eats both plants and animals ; omnivores may be a food source for carnivores and other omnivores

a taxonomic category below the class and above the family categories, a group of families with similar characteristics

a group of tissues that works together to complete a specific task

a group of organs that works together to complete a specific task

a compartmentalized structure in eukaryotic cells that performs a specific function for the cell

the passive transport of water molecules through a membrane

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while causing harm to the other organism

a cell that gives rise to daughter cells through mitosis or meiosis

the parents in a punnett square

the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration; does not require energy

a chart showing heritable traits in parents and offspring; may contain information of individual's phenotypes or genotypes.

A physical trait of an organism that results from its genetic makeup

the tubelike tissue of a vascular plant that carries food produced in the leaves to the rest of the plant.

a lipid molecule that is a building block of cell membranes; made of phosphate and lipid nitrogen

the process by which plants make high energy carbs in their chloroplasts from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

a taxonomic category below the kingdom and above the class categories; a group of similar classes

an evolutionary adaptation that regulates a body function and that can be passed on to offspring

a kingdom consisting of mostly multi cellular autotrophs, although some are single celled.

a combination of lipids and proteins that separate the cell from its environment and helps regulate the traffic of molecules between the inside and the outside of the cell.

a change in the chromosome at a single nucleotide within a gene.

inherited phenotypes that are controlled by several alleles

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same geographical area and that can interbreed

the number of individuals per unit of area

the act of one organism feeding on other organisms

an organism that gets it energy by eating plants (C1)

an organism that makes it own food through photosynthesis. Also known as an autotroph

a cell that does not have a nucleus. Example: Bacteria Remember: "Pro" rhymes with "No" so think "NO nucleus!"

the first phase of mitosis

one of the essential chemicals for life the structural component of cells

a membrane passageway that opens and closes to allow necessary molecules to move in and out of the cell

A kingdom consisting of eukaryotic microscopic organisms; can be uni- or multicellular, and either hetero- or autotrophic

A grid used to show the possible gene combination from the crossing of two genotypes

Information about things or processes that must be subjectively described

Information about things that can be counted or measured

A trait that is expressed only when a dominant allele is not present

sources of energy that will always be available as long as humans are on Earth

organisms that are replaced through reproduction and growth as well as abiotic factors the Earth renews and people use such as water and wind

a process in which a cell makes a copy of its DNA before dividing

any of the nucleic acids containing ribose and replacing thymine with uracil that assist in protein manufacture and cellular control.

an organelle, made of RNA and proteins, that is involved in protein synthesis

a series of membranus sacs that are covered with ribosomes and are an important producer of proteins

a group of fish swimming in unison

an orderly way to find information, involving the formation of a hypothesis and the collection of data in a controlled, repeatable fashion

offspring that results from interbreeding a hybrid f1 generation

an organism that gets its energy by eating primary consumers a carnivore or omnivore

a chromosome that determines sex, in humans, a female has two x chromosomes and a male has one x and y chromosome

a genetic trait determined by a gene on a sex chromosome such a trait has a different pattern of inheritance in males than in females

a series of membranous tubules that assist in the synthesis of lipids and other molecules needed by the cell

Animals interacting with one another

Any of the cells that make up the body tissues and contains a complete set of an organism's chromosome pairs, all cells except gametes

the origin of new species in evolution

the most specific taxonomic group, ,are up of closely related organisms that can produce offspring that, in turn, can reproduce

taking care of the Earth for future generations

an evolutionary adaptation involving the shape of an organism ; an example is the transformation of toes to hooves in horses

a change in an ecosystem's composition as competing organisms, especially plants, modify the environment

Economic development that is conducted without the depletion of natural resources

a relationship that occurs when two distinct organisms live in close association with one another

The branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematic

the last phase of mitosis, during which two nuclear membranes form around the two groups of chromosomes, the chromosomes disperse into a tangle if chromatin strands, and the spindles break apart.

Of or relating to the ownership of an area of land or sea

a third level consumer that gets its energy by eating, among other organisms, secondary consumers

breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual, in order to determine the zygosity of the former by analyzing proportions of offspring phenotypes

a structure consisting of four chromatids that forms during meiosis 1; allows for crossing over of genetic material among homologous chromosomes

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

a group of cells that work together to perform a task that requires many cells

A distinguishing quality or characteristic

the first stage of gene expression during which mRNA is made; the process that occurs when a DNA sequence is encoded as an mRNA sequence. Happens in the nucleus.

RNA consisting of folded molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome.

the second stage of gene expression during which two kinds of RNA work together to assemble amino acids into proteins. Happens at a ribosome.

The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain.

A graphic representation of the trophic levels in an ecosystem, often shaped like pyramid. with producers and the base and tertiary or quaternary consumers at the top

an organism made of 1 single cell (examples: bacteria and protists)

A membrane-bound organelle in a cell that serves as a storage area for materials such as water, food, and waste products; helps to maintain cell rigidity in a plant

Differences in inherited traits among members of the same species; variation provides the raw material for evolution

Plants the transport water and nutrients through tube like tissue

An unused anatomical feature, such as the human tailbone or appendix

An abiotic (non-living) particle consisting of DNA encased in a protien coat that must inject its DNA into a living cell in order to reproduce. Requires a host cell to reproduce and can make you feel sick.

The tube-like tissue of a vascular plant that carriers water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

The cell resulting from the fusion of gametes (when egg and sperm join)