What does the 'Black Mirror' metaphor refer to?

A broken blank TV reflecting a gormless viewer

A blank blackboard ready for filling with chalk based learning

The darkness of space, looming around our planet, echoing our solitude

A painted mirror absorbing light incapable of reflecting our individual vanity

FTP ICEBREAKER | Quizalize

Unit 2: FTP components A-C

ChatGPT Quiz: FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SFTP, TFTP

I 23 comandamenti dell'e-mail Emoticon La regola d'oro dell'e-mail: non inviare ad altri ciò che troveresti tu stesso sgradevole ricevere. Un suggerimento da seguire: Quando scrivi un'e-mail non guardarti allo specchio ma “guarda” intensamente il tuo lettore, è un atto di altruismo che ti verrà ripagato. Non usare l'e-mail per alcun proposito illegale o non etico. Non diffondere né spam né messaggi appartenenti a catene di S. Antonio. Includere sempre l'argomento del messaggio in modo chiaro e specifico; non inviare mai e-mail prive del campo "oggetto". Rispondere sempre alle e-mail, se non altro per dare la conferma al mittente di presa visione. Cercare di rispondere alle e-mail mantenendo sempre lo stesso argomento (topic) per conservare una struttura storica ordinata dei messaggi inviati e ricevuti (storico discussione (thread)), "agganciandoli" uno dopo l'altro, evitando possibilmente di spedire un nuovo messaggio per un argomento già in corso di discussione. Seguire le regole di citazione per scrivere la risposta a una e-mail. Mantenere la privacy dei mittenti/destinatari, cancellando dal testo l'eventuale indirizzo di posta elettronica del mittente (se si inoltra una e-mail quando il destinatario non dovesse conoscere il mittente originale) e utilizzando la casella Bcc o Ccn (e non quella A o Cc) se si deve inviare la stessa e-mail a destinatari che non si conoscono tra loro. Fare molta attenzione all'ortografia e alla grammatica del proprio messaggio. Non insultare e non fare uso indiscriminato di parole scritte in maiuscolo (esse, infatti, corrispondono al tono di voce alto del parlato, e dunque denotano nervosismo o cattiveria). Riflettere bene su come il destinatario possa reagire al proprio messaggio: valutare se può essere realmente interessato al contenuto e utilizzare eventualmente le emoticon per indicare il tono della conversazione, in particolare se scrivono battute (se è diverso da quello che potrebbe fare pensare la semplice lettura del testo). La dimensione del messaggio da inviare non deve essere troppo grande (al posto di allegati di grandi dimensioni si possono inserire nel testo del messaggio dei link a tali risorse reperibili in altro modo, per esempio via FTP o HTTP); bisogna tenere presente che la dimensione massima ammessa per gli allegati può essere diversa in base al provider di posta utilizzato. Eventualmente è meglio concordare col destinatario le modalità di invio di allegati pesanti. Gli allegati devono essere di formati diffusi e aperti (come .pdf o .jpeg per le immagini) in modo da essere facilmente apribili con i dispositivi e i sistemi operativi più diffusi, già settati per la stampa, ed eventualmente compressi con programmi nativi del sistema operativo. Non inviare messaggi privati da postazioni o account dai quali possono essere letti da altri o se lo si fa ricordarsi di eliminare le tracce. Citare il testo a cui si risponde il più brevemente possibile, ma in modo che risulti comunque chiaro in cima alla risposta. Non richiedere indiscriminatamente, per qualsiasi messaggio, la ricevuta di ritorno da parte del destinatario. Non allegare file con nomi eccessivamente lunghi o che contengono caratteri particolari come quelli di punteggiatura o lettere con segni diacritici, in quanto potrebbero creare problemi con alcune piattaforme. Non impostare indiscriminatamente, per qualsiasi messaggio, il flag di importante e/o urgente (è come gridare "al lupo, al lupo" inutilmente): con il passare del tempo chi riceverà le tue e-mail ignorerà il flag. Scrivere in modo semplice e diretto, con periodi brevi e andando a capo spesso perché gli spazi bianchi delle interlinee aiutano la lettura. Fare una lista per punti se ci sono molte cose da dire: il testo così si leggerà facilmente anche su uno smartphone. Salvare il proprio messaggio in bozza quando quest'ultimo viene scritto di getto, per poi rileggerlo successivamente e se necessario modificarlo prima di inviarlo. Leggere il proprio messaggio almeno 3 volte prima di inviarlo e dimostrare di avere almeno letto il messaggio del mittente approfonditamente prima di dare risposte senza pensare. Se possibile prediligi i contenuti in formato testo selezionabile rispetto a quelli in formato immagine (ad esempio un testo scansionato o fotografato): renderai più facile il lavoro a chi ha la necessità di effettuare la ricerca di un termine nel testo, di fare copia-incolla o di usare un lettore di testo per non vedenti o ipovedenti. Non dimenticare una formula di saluto al/alla destinatario/a all'inizio della e-mail. Firmare sempre con il proprio nome alla fine del messaggio, a meno che la firma non sia già inclusa nell'oggetto.

New Trends in Agriculture Extension approaches Extension has been, and still is, under attack from a wide spectrum of politicians and economists over its cost and financing. As a result, Extension Systems have had to make changes, by restating the system’s mission, developing a new vision for the future, and formulating plans for the necessary transition to achieve the desired change. 1. Privatization of Agricultural Extension Service Privatization: Process of funding and delivering the extension services by private individual or organization is called Private Extension. Concept: Privatization of extension refers to services rendered in rural area & allied aspects of extension personnel working in private agencies or organization for which farmers are expected to pay a fee & it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension services (Sarvanan & Shivalinge 1980). Privatization approaches ➢ Share cropping system ➢ Village extension contract system ➢ Public extension through private delivery ➢ Service for vouchers Strengths of Private Extension System ➢ More demand - driven rather than supply – driven ➢ High quality of services in terms of satisfying information needs of clientele, trained manpower, sustained finances and resource allocation ➢ Provides for an information mix and choices available to farmers ➢ Enhanced efficiency of staff ➢ Assure continuous supply and quality agricultural products ➢ More effective because farmer can select an adviser who is the best able to help ➢ Healthy competition among service provider will lead to better quality and lower costs for service Weakness of Private Extension System ➢ Concentrate on area having favorable physical environment ➢ More face-to-face contacts (person oriented) ➢ Increased dependence of farmers and hence exploitation ➢ No education role ➢ Deprivation of small farmers ➢ Hamper the free flow of information 2. Cyber Extension or e-extension Concepts Cyber space: it is the imaginary or virtual space of computers connected with each other on Networks, across the Globe. Cyber extension: it means 'using the power of online networks, computer communications and digital interactive multimedia to facilitate dissemination of agriculture technology. Cyber Extension thus can be defined as the extension over cyber space. Important tools of cyber extension E-Mail, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher, Archie and World Wide Web (WWW) Strengths of Cyber Extension ➢ Access to the astounding information and continuously available ➢ Information rich and instantaneously available of information ➢ Interactive communication ➢ The information is available from any point on the globe ➢ Communication is dynamic ➢ Cut steps from traditional process ➢ Save money, time and effort ➢ Multiplicity of purpose Issues and Concerns of Cyber Extension ➢ Lack of Reliable Telecom Infrastructure in Rural Areas ➢ Erratic or no Power Supply ➢ Lack of ICT Trained manpower (willing to serve) in Rural Areas ➢ Lack of content (locally relevant and in local languages) ➢ Lack of Information Services to Rural Clientele ➢ Low Purchasing power of the Rural communities ➢ Lack of Holistic Approaches ➢ Issues of Sustainability Application of cyber extension ➢ Village information shops Dr. M.S. SwaminathanResearch Foundation, Chennai ➢ Information villagers MANAGE in Ranga Reddy District in Andhra pradesh ➢ Gyandoot net initiative of District Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. ➢ Warna wired village of National Informatics Center (NIC) in Kolhapur- Sangli Districts of Maharashtra 3. Market-Led-Extension (MLE) Concepts Market: A congregation of prospective buyers & sellers with a common motive of trading a particular commodity. Extension: It is the spreading/reaching out to the mass Market-led-extension: Agriculture & economics coupled with extension is the perfect blend for reaching at the door steps of common man with the help of technology. Dimensions of market-led extension ➢ Marketing mix: A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product's marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. These four elements are adjusted until the right combination is found that serves the needs of the product's customers, while generating optimum income. ➢ Marketing plan: A marketing plan is a comprehensive document that outlines a business and marketing efforts for the coming year. It describes business activities involved in accomplishing specific marketing objectives within a set time frame. A marketing plan also includes a description of the current marketing position of a business, a discussion of the target market and a description of the marketing mix that a business will use to achieve their marketing goals. ➢ Market Intelligence: It is the information relevant to a company’s markets, gathered and analyzed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision making. Market intelligence includes the process of gathering data from the company’s external environment, whereas the business intelligence process is primarily based on internal recorded events – such as sales, shipments and purchases. ➢ Market oriented production ➢ Use of Technology Strengths of market-led extension ➢ SWOT analysis of the market ➢ Organization of Farmers’ Interest Groups (FIGs) ➢ Enhancing the interactive and communication skills of the farmers ➢ Establishing marketing and agro-processing linkages ➢ Advice on product planning ➢ Educating the farming community ➢ Direct marketing ➢ Acquiring complete market intelligence ➢ Publication of agricultural market information Production of video films of success stories ➢ Challenges to market-led extension ➢ Gigantic size of extension system ➢ Information technology Diverse conditions ➢ Market intelligence ➢ Reforms in agricultural extension system Government Initiatives ➢ Central warehousing Corporation-1965 ➢ MSP by Commission for Agricultural Cost and Price (CACP) ➢ Food Corporation of India ➢ Then some others as: Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), Jute Corporation of India (JCI), National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Agriculture and Processed food Export Development Authority (APEDA) etc. 4. Farmer--Led-Extension (FLE) Farmer--led-extension is defined as 'the provision of training by farmers to farmers, often through the creation of a structure of farmer promoters and farmer trainers' (Scarborough et al., 1997). Philosophy and principles ➢ Farmers and local institutions (e.g. producer organizations or village leaders) should play a key role in selecting farmer-trainers and monitoring and evaluating them. This helps make the programmes more accountable to the community or groups that they serve. ➢ Farmer-trainers are ‘of the community’; they communicate in local languages and are more sensitive to local cultures, mannerisms, farming practices, and farmers’ needs. ➢ Farmer-trainers should be selected on the basis of their skills and interest in sharing information, not just on their farming expertise. ➢ Farmer-trainers need strong linkages with and support from development agents (whether government, non-government organization (NGO), or private), the people who train and backstop them. Farmer-trainers generally serve as a complement to existing extension systems, rather than being a substitute for them. ➢ Facilitating organizations and local institutions need to be proactive in ensuring that women as well as men become farmer-trainers. ➢ Simple and appropriate reference materials should be made available to the farmer trainers. Essential Elements of Farmer--led-extension ➢ The group ➢ The Field ➢ The Facilitator ➢ The curriculum ➢ Programme leader ➢ Financing Special features of Farmer--led-extension ➢ All learning is field based & it is primary venue for learning ➢ FLE group learning constantly over the experimentation period ➢ FLE promotes healthy decisions & quality decisions ➢ Farmers conduct their own field studies with comparisons or treatments ➢ Facilitates Farmer-to-Farmer communication ➢ Field staff serve as facilitators ➢ FLE is a unique way to educate farmers ➢ It is an effective platform for sharing of experiences and collectively solving agriculture related problems. 5. Expert system Expert system is an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inferences procedures to solve problems (Daniel Hunt, 1986). Objectives of developing expert system ➢ To enhance the performance of agricultural extension personnel and farmer ➢ To make farming more efficient and profitable ➢ To reduce the time required in solving the problems ➢ To maintain the expert system by continuously upgrading the database Advantages of expert system ➢ Solves critical problems by making logical deductions without taking much time ➢ It combines experimental and conventional knowledge with the reasoning skills of specialists ➢ To enhance the performance of average worker to the level of an expert Limitations of expert system ➢ Expensive computer program ➢ Mostly developed not in regional languages ➢ Requires AC power and internet connection all the time ➢ Complex software requires computer skilled personnel Modules of expert system in agriculture ➢ COMAX: Integrated crop management in cotton ➢ SOYEX: Soybean oil extraction expert system ➢ PLANT/ds: Diagnosis of soybean diseases ➢ MAIZE: Maize expert system for field crop management ➢ SEMAGI: Weed control decision making in sunflowers ➢ Rice Crop Doctor: Developed by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Difference between conventional and expert system of extension Conventional Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is a problem ➢ Information is given whatever is available without considering needs and resources ➢ No Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information flow depends on availability of agent ➢ Require users to draw their own conclusion from facts Expert System of Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is possible ➢ Information is chosen based on their needs and resources ➢ Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information through Cyber Cafe at any place at any time ➢ Conclusion is drawn based on the decision given by the expert

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