There are cases wherein an organism possessing a desirable trait is reproductively incompatible to an organism needing that trait.

This involves the direct manipulation of genes of organisms in laboratory for them to express the desired traits.

Other term for "Genetic Engineering"

Molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted to a host organism to produce new genetic combinations.

A process where people try and improve plants and animals by selecting and breeding only those that have desirable characteristics.

This is the controlled process of subjecting two parent organisms to sexual reproduction to produce offspring.

This is when an organism adapts to its environment through selectively reproducing changes in its genotype.

The theory of evolution by Natural Selection:

Every species tends to produce more individuals than can survive to maturity.

The individuals of a population have many characteristics that differ.

Some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others do.

The traits of those individuals that surive and reproduce will become more common in a population.

Direct modification of genetic material of an organism

Alteration of the structure of DNA molecule by substituting genes from another DNA.

A component of rDNA that is used as a vehicle to carry foreign DNA into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed.

A component of rDNA that is a foreign DNA that is inserted into a vector to be replicated.

Circular, double stranded, extra chromosomal DNA molecules in bacteria.

Appearance of a Plasmid

Introduced plasmid segment into the plasmid of another bacterium in 1972.

With Cohen and Boyer attempt to perform recombinant DNA, this became the first transgenic organism.

Characteristics of a Plasmid:

Part of plasmid, DNA sequences that is recognized by the replication enzymes of the host cell.

Other term for Replicating Zone

Part of plasmid, Genes that have antibiotic resistance and R factor.

Segment of DNA that contains multiple sites for restriction enzyme digestion. Also known as "Polylinkers"

Other term for Cloning Zone

Sequence of DNA that reads the same backward or forward.

Serves as recognition sites along DNA which also provides substrate for restriction endonucleases.

A nuclease that recognizes specific nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule and cleaves at these sites. Also known as "Restriction Endonucleases"

He pioneered the study of the restriction enzymes in bacterial cells.

These persons explained the ability of restriction endonucleases to cut DNA at specific Cites.

Steps of Genetic Engineering

Arrange the steps in "Isolation of Plasmid" (separate w/ comma no spaces)

A. Centrifuge the solution that will enable bacteria to separate from liquid broth medium forming "pellet" at the bottom.

B. Clearing of lysates. 

C. Neutralization. Add neutralization buffer. 

D. Lysis. Add the lysis buffer that contains mixture of a base NaOH and detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate.

E. Resuspension. Re-suspend pellet by adding Re-suspension buffer (Contains RNAse).

The vector and donor DNA are mixed in a test tube to allow the sticky ends of vector and donor DNA to bind to each other and form recombinant DNA. DNA ligase which creates [______________]

In screening, this is a method for identifying bacterial colony that contains the gene of interest.

What detects the presence of nucleotide sequence (the DNA target) that are complementary to the sequence in the probe.

A technique using X-ray film to visualize molecules or fragments of molecules that have been radioactively labelled.