It is an inheritable change in population (genotype-based, phenotypic change, notchange via phenocopy) through time.

What are the two types of evolution?

It is a small-scale evolution in which changes are not yet enough to consider newspecies has emerged

It is a large-scale evolution in which changes already lead to new species

It is simply the process of making more species from pre-existing one

It is when two or more groups of a population lose their ability to exchange genes because of the place they are located at

There are still obstacles to the mixing of genes in the same population, but landforms and water bodies are no longer the two factors involved.

What are the 2 types under non geographic barrier?

- It prevents formation of the zygote even if there is no geographic barrier

- It's the obstacles that will occur before the formation of zygote

It's the single cell that resulted from diffusion of egg and sperm cells

It allows physical interaction and formation of zygote but prevent offspring from reaching the age of maturity

It's said that life have originated from ancient conditions of the Earth (with more reducing rather than more oxidizing atmosphere) in which simple organic compounds lead to more complex biomolecules like DNA which learned to replicate and combine themselves later to become the first cells

This gives the idea that Earth has undergone drastic changes overtime from its beginning to present, and that these geological events are coupled with biological ones that are prerequisite to evolution

There are 3 types of eon

- It is when prokaryotic life is thought to have started.

- It is also when the Earth’s atmosphere slowly changed from being reducing to being oxidizing due to the oxygen gas being produced by the first photosynthetic prokaryotes. 

It is when Earth is still a hot ball of molten rock.

- It is when the first eukaryotic cell is thought to have evolved from two or more prokaryotic cells which have undergone endosymbiosis (one lives inside another) in which larger prokaryotic cell engulfed much smaller prokaryotic cells, failing to digest them but successfully forming beneficial relationship

- This was ended by the beginning the period of another eonwhich is Cambrian Period of Phanerozoic Eon.

It is when biodiversity on Earth suddenly get boosted for the first time and was termed as “CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION".

It is when there are no more dinosaurs and humans have finally evolved to existence at latter part influencing the current conditions of the Earth.

It is when first animals existed, particularly, under the sea until such time that they have started migrating to land.

It is when dinosaurs have dominated the Earth

It is a tree-shaped (with stem and branches) illustration that shows evolutionary relationship of two groups of organisms based on how similar and different they are.

It has the intersections of lines called “_____” which indicate common ancestry.

It's a type of dendrogram that does not indicate by length of lines used in the illustration of how quantitatively closely evolutionarily related groups of organisms are (or unscaled).

May use similarities and differences in traits but does not make use ofmolecular homology, especially, DNA or RNA sequencing

It is a type of dendrogram that does indicate by length of lines used in the illustration of how quantitatively closely evolutionarily related groups of organisms are (scaled) primarily based on molecular homology, especially, DNA or RNA sequencing.

In Phylogram, the longer the lines or branches separating two groups of organisms, the less similar their genes are, hence, can be interpreted as less evolutionarily related and vice versa. 

It's the study of clades of organisms

The cladogram is also known as scaled dendrogram

The length of lines does matter in Phylogram

Vertebrates and Chordates are the same

- It was started by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

- It states that “living things pass on acquired traits to their offspring.”

One must remember that if an acquired trait is not gene-based, then, it can be hardly passed on to the next generation

They were the one who invented/started Darwinism

Evolution (“descent with modification” in the point of view of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace) happens via artificial selection.

It states that “every species must have descended by reproduction from preexisting species and that species must have changed over time,” hence, the concept “descent with modification.

- This is a round looking in the upper part  that can be seen in cooking fats

- Possible that the prototype cell begin in this

It has emphasized that for natural selection to happen, four criteria must exist:

In darwinism, all characteristics from the parents can be pass down

Natural selection independently conceptualized by Darwin and Wallace is not the only mechanism that is known now in the environment.

It's a special kind of natural selection for it is a selection that does not need human intervention. In the process, it is the actual organism who will get to choose to whom he or she will mate to produce a child or offspring.

From the prototype cells, the first cell existed and it was multicellular

It is the opposing genes that came from the parents

This are the alleles that came from your mother

This are the alleles that came from your father

The recessive genes can only be express if it doesn't have a dominant gene as a partner/pair

Two kinds of segment of Dna:

It's a type of gene that is expressive

It's a gene that intertwine between the gene called exon

It's the sequence of three nitrogenous bases that code for a particular acid or microorganisms

This is a type of mutation that changes their sequence but doesn't express it

2 types of evidence of evolution

It is a kind of evidence which can be studied or witnessed on the spot observingthe changes in population accumulate real-time.

It's a observation conducted to organisms

Due to the exposure of bacteria to antibiotic overtime, some of them evolve and became antibiotic resistant

Insects can be caused by direct evidence

It's a animal/organism that are copying or camouflaging in the environment

It is a kind of evidence which assumes that evolution does exist because of similarities that could have originated from common ancestry

It may be in the form of similarities in anatomical structures such as the forelimbs of humans, dogs, whales, and birds in which they might have different uses and appearance outside, but the skeletal designs are similar inside.

These are a group of organisms that may possess certain structure which may be deemed insignificant for their survival and yet still does exist

It may be in the form of similarities in embryonic development such as the similarities in early stages of embryos of humans, pigs, tortoises, and chicken which when grew up and fully developed are very differently looking from one another

It may be in the form of similarities in molecules such as the strongsimilarity of DNA of humans and chimpanzees reaching the mark of 98-99% and the significant similarity of DNA of humans and bacteriareaching the mark of 37%.

It is the sum of all fossils that have been unearthed or discoveredaround the globe

It's a fish that looks like an amphibian at the same time because of its mobile neck, robust ribcage, fins that resemble wrist bones, and broad skull that has nostrils-like openings.

This shows both traits of reptiles and birds.

It is the study of distribution of organisms on earth

It says that 200MYA there was just a single supercontinent called ______

Earlier, it was well-established that evolution may occur through NATURAL SELECTION, but it is not the only factor or mechanism for evolution to happen.

- It is a chance (or rare/ unusual) event that can alter the gene frequencies of a population leading to decrease in the existing genetic variation

- It's the chance events gradually after the gene pool

2 types of effects of genetic drift

It magnifies the genetic drift by having a small group from an originalpopulation characterized by limited variation of genes occupy anuninhabited area establishing a new population with gene frequenciesdifferent from the old one

It magnifies the genetic drift by only having very few survivors from a tragic event characterized by limited variation of genes that will continue the population in the same habitat.

It is synonymous with the term “migration” but with emphasis that members of a population who will leave the old population (the process is emigration) or who will join a new population (the process is immigration) are fertile and can thereby increase or decrease the frequency of certain genes in the next generation.

- This are different sexes but has different form

- Has two forms

This is where involved a individual select opposite sexes

This is where the organisms select within the same sex

It is somewhat similar with natural selection in a way that it favors only certaingroups in a population to be favored to survive and reproduce more.

This is where the physical features are different there're barriers between the inter breeding or incompatibility

This are organisms that are capable of bringing their toxins to kill other organisms such as worms

It is the technology that uses organisms or parts of them to develop products differentfrom those from nature.

It is the technology of finding the precise sequence of the nitrogenous basesATCG of the nucleotides comprising the DNA of organisms.

Mostly used in DNA

This can be used in 2 levels

From one DNA it will turn into two

It is the technology that allows us to make several copies of a gene or of thewhole DNA.

These are any organism which possesses rDNA from genetic engineering process

It is the technology of making exact copy of whole organism at least at genetic level.

- This has allowed us to clone many other types of organisms

- Does not promote genetic diversity

These are which stem cells (unspecialized or undifferentiated cells) are being harvested to repair or heal damaged tissues as they can transform in any kind of cell depending on organ where they will be placed.

It is the direction of biotechnology

It is a mental device that divides the biogeological history of the Earth intodivisions of time, namely, EONS (the longest, hundred million years to thousandmillion years), ERAS (ten million years to hundred million years), PERIODS (lessthan hundred million years, with specific type of rock as indicator), and EPOCH(the shortest, with specific organisms as indicators).

- Earth was still a hot ball of molten rocks being bombarded by asteroids and comets carrying water.

- Earth still has no atmosphere for protection.

- Tectonic plates will form later during this eon.

- There might have been life already but no direct evidence

Prokaryotic kingdoms already exist during this time and cyanobacteria are already filling up the ancient atmosphere with oxygen via photosynthesis making it transform from reducing (promoting assembly of molecules) into oxidizing (promoting decomposition of molecules)

The longest eon so far

- First supercontinent Columbia (or Nuna) stabilized

- First eukaryotes which are the protists appeared via endosymbiosis

- Longest era so far

- Nuna broke up, replaced by second supercontinent Rodinia later on

- Stromatolites which are rock layers formed by cyanobacteria reached its peak

-  Multicellular organisms dominated over prokaryotes

- Green algae first appeared and oxygen level rose by 1%

- Sexual reproduction was first exhibited

- Rodinia broke up, replaced by third supercontinent Pannotia later on which also broke up before Paleozoic Era of the next eon

- Global cooling happened resulting into “Snowball Earth”

- Animals called sponges, trilobitomorphs, and worm-like ones first appeared

- Minerals and oxygen became more available to lifeforms

- Characterized by formation of several animal species as made evident by enormous number of collected fossils, hence, termed “CAMBRIANEXPLOSION”

- First plants in the form of bryophytes appeared

-  Invertebrates dominated the seas

- First vertebrates appeared in the form of jawless and jawed fishes

- Invertebrates further diversified in the seas

- Fern, fern allies, and gymnosperms first appeared

- Fishes dominated the seas

- First amphibians appeared

- Giant gymnosperms appeared and became our source of our coal today

- Global cooling caused another ice age

-  First sharks appeared

- First winged insects appeared

-  First reptiles appeared

- Fourth supercontinent Pangaea started to form from remnants of Pannotia

- Characterized by mass extinction that extended towards Triassic Period

-  Winged insects diversified

- Ancestors of dinosaurs already began dominating the land

What are the periods under paleozoic era:

- First crocodiles and mammals appeared

- Archosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and nothosaurs dominated the land and theseas

- Pangaea broke into Gondwana and Laurasia

- Global warming began making conditions range from hot and dry to humid and subtropical

-  Amphibians suffered; reptiles overcame challenges over reproduction

-  Dinosaurs reached the peak of supremacy in air, land, and seas

- Giant four-legged, long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs became numerous during this period

- Further opening of continents Gondwana and Laurasia gave birth to oceans

- Global warming heightened with conditions much warmer and humid than today

- Angiosperms first appeared

- Tyrannosaurus and triceratops were among the well-known dinosaurs that appeared this period

- Ended with mass extinction that extended to Paleogene Period; presumed to be caused by an asteroid that hit the Earth which caused the dinosaurs to be extinct

Under of Mesozoic Era:

- Seven continents started to take positions similar to where they are now

- Mammals and birds started to diversify as they replace the roles of the dinosaurs in the ecosystem

- Primates first appeared

- Plants of our time first appeared

- Global cooling triggered by overpopulation of Azolla fern startedas made evident by rapid expansion of ice sheet in Antarctica

- First grasses appeared

- Hoofed animals first appeared and later diversified including the ancestors of present-day whales

- Earth gears toward “Icehouse” in which ice caps, icesheets, andice bergs are beginning to form around the world

- Evolution quickens including that of mammals and angiosperms

-  Early horses first appeared along with new species of grasses

Epochs under paleogene period:

- Forest cover significantly increased and further cooled down the Earth

- Present-day mammals and birds became more dominant

- Apes from which humans evolved first appeared

- In Africa, around 5 million years ago, first human species who can hold tools called Homo habilis first appeared, the time humans and chimpanzees diverge from lineage of apes

- Icehouse turned into Ice Age

- The most well-studied early human species Australopithecus along with many present-day mammals and mollusks first appeared

2 Epoch under Neogene Period:

- Ice Age reached its peak

- Seven continents have finally reached their present-day positions

- Our own species Homo sapiens first appeared after evolving from Homo heidelbergensis in Africa and started the Stone Age culture

- A super volcano eruption resulted into volcanic winter characterized by decrease of global temperature between 2-3degrees Celsius for several years

- Around 12,000 years ago, Ice Age ended

- Around 3,000 to 4,000 years ago, first human civilizations started along with agriculture and Bronze Age culture, i.e., inMesopotamia (Iraq), Egypt, India, and China

- Industrial and technological revolutions led to increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting to global warming relatively faster than any in the history of the Earth

- It is still a debatable epoch yet to replace the Holocene

- It was proposed in 1980s and popularized in 2000 by chemist Paul Crutzen and biologist Eugene Stoemer based on the observations that (1) mass extinction became 100x faster due to human activities causing the populations of wild animals halvedas human population doubled, (2) humans started to change the landscape and atmosphere of the Earth through agriculture,industries, plastics, and carbon dioxide emissions leading toworrisome effects of global warming like death of rivers andlandlocked seas or lakes, melting of glaciers and rise of sealevels, severe droughts, flooding, and typhoons.

Types of epoch under Quaternary Period:

Also known as "Age of Mammals"