the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government

Battle actually fought in GA and Confederates pushed forces back into Chattanooga.

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

position supported by several prominent Georgia politicians who supported the Compromise of 1850.

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

The most infamous prison in the south. There was no shelter. There was a huge population, and there were food shortages, overcrowding, and disease that killed about 100 men a day during the summer months.

started in Chattanooga and ended in Atlanta.

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One of the two major mountain chains in the United States and Canada; the Applachian Plateu, Valley and Ridge, and Blue Ride Mountains regions of Georgia are part of these.

Smallest of Georgia's regions; contains the only fossil fuel deposits (coal) in the state.

An island the directly touches the open ocean.

Region of Georgia highest in elevation and precipitation; home to the Appalachian Trail.

A major river in Georgia beginning in the Blue Ridge region (NE Georgia) and flowing through Atlanta westward to Alabama, then beginning the CA-AL border south to Florida.

Average weather over the course of years when looking at temperature, precipitation, and wind.

The largest of Georgia's 5 regions; has sandy soil, where most of Georgia's agricultural industries are centered.

One of six or seven great divisions of land on the globe. (Georgia is in North America).

The imaginary line separating Georgia's Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions.

The science , or field of study, that deals with the study of the earths surface.

Half of a sphere...like how you can cut a ball in half.

A political division of land, usually characterized by relatively large size and independent status.

One of the largest freshwater wetlands (swamp) in North America (tremendous biodiversity).

Region of Georgia characterized by red clay with the major population and transportation hubs in the state.

Part of a larger whole, a section of a larger unit.

A major river in Georgia that serves as the GA-SC border, is important to shipping, and along which the first English settlements in Georgia were.

Region of Georgia with fertile farmland between ridges, also known as the "Carpet Capital of the World".

Spanish Explorer who ended GA's Era of Prehistory while searching for Gold; 1st European in what is now GA, 1540.

Created to convert the American Indians to Christianity.

A trade policy that motivated England to colonize he New World; export more than you import.

the document that formally established the colony of Georgia; outlines the reasons for Georgia's founding and the regulations set up by the trustees.

Reason for Georgia's founding. Georgia would act as a buffer colony

Founder of Georgia. Leader of Military and Government.

Interpreter between James Oglethorpe and Chief of the Yamacraw Indians.

people who owe money

First Capital of Georgia. Founded by Oglethorpe.

Reason for GA's founding. British hoped Georgia would produce profitable agricultural products.

Reason for Georgia's founding. Georgia would be a place for debtors to be released. Colony for the "worthy poor".

Chief of the Yamacraw Indians; allowed Georgia colonists to build the city of Savannah on Yamacraw bluff

Small Revolutionary war battle in Georgia where Patriot forces, led by Elijah Clarke, defeated 600+ loyalists; one of the few patriot victories in the state.

Three part document that discusses natural rights, explains the wrongs committed by King George, and offers an official Declaration of Independence from England.

(1774)-The first convention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that gathered to discuss the colonists' reaction to the Intolerable acts.

Colonists who are loyal to Great Britain

A colonists who wanted to become independent from Great Britain

Royal proclamation that forbade English colonists from settling newly acquired land west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The beginning of a document that explains why the document exists in the case of the declaration of independence the preamble explains natural rights.

A failed attempt by the French and Americans to recapture Savannah during the Revolution

A group established in Boston but had chapters in other colonies to protest the Stamp Act and other English taxes.

Established by the British government to help repay the cost of the French and Indian war. The act placed a tax on all legal documents, newspapers, and other paper products.

British soldiers fired on angry, protesting colonists in Boston

a military force that is raised from the civil population

Three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes)

Black soldier who was wounded at the Battle of Kettle Creek during the Revolutionary War. He was awarded land for his services to his country.

a group of Georgians who opposed the Stamp Act; part of the larger Sons of Liberty

the first constitution of the United States

•Rep. from GA

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

•Rep. from GA

Act by which "land grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs

the first state sponsored public University in the United States; founded in 1785.

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Native American tribe in northwest GA. Forcefully removed from the state

Native American people from south GA. Removed from GA through treaties.

Site of America's first gold rush in 1828; discovery of gold in the area was a factor in the Cherokee removal.

land allocation approach that provided the head of a family up to 200 acres of free land in the Georgia frontier.

land allocation approach that gave the average Georgian a chance to buy land at pennies on the dollar.

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

an event where land companies bribed members of the Georgia General Assembly to sell land for pennies on the dollar.

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

established Darien

(July 7, 1742)-The decisive battle during the War of Jenkins Ear - Georgia colonist stopped a Spanish invasion of St.Simmons Island.

A person appointed by a king or queen to act as governor of a colony.

A legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society. 21 in Georgia. Oglethorpe was the most famous.

a group of Protestants from Austria who were invited to settle in Georgia due to religious persecution they were experiencing in Europe; established the towns of Ebenezer and New Ebenezer; were some of the most successful colonists.

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain.

Were granted permission to settle in Georgia because they had a doctor

(1865)- ended slavery in the United States

(1868)- gave African-Americans United States citizenship

(1870)- gave african-American men the right to vote

During the reconstruction period (1867-1876) 69 African-Americans served as a delegate to Georgia's constitutional convention or served as members of the state legislator. These legislators were removed from their seats after 1876

Reconstruction period where Congress took responsibility for bringing the south back into the union

Federal agency created in 1865 to provide aid to former slaves(freedmen)

Terrorist organization created to intimidate and prevent freedmen and republicans from gaining political power in the south

(1867-1877)- reconstruction period Where the military took responsibility for bringing the south back into the union; The south was divided into military districts

(1865-1866)-reconstruction. Where the president Took responsibility for bringing the south back into the union; most lenient of the reconstruction plans; commonly known as the 10% plan

Group of northern Republicans who wanted to punish the southern states and to insure Civil rights for African-Americans.

Farmers agreed to work on the landowners property in exchange for land, farming equipment, and seed; required to provide the landowner with share of crop.

Farmers to work on a landowners property were required to provide the land owner with a share of the crop; usually owned their own farming equipment

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. He planned Atlanta's International Cotton Exposition

by the time of his death in he was the wealthiest African American in Atlanta. Atlanta Mutual insurance Association (now Atlanta Life Insurance Company). Largest African American-owned businesses in the United States

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

A leader of the Populist Party in the South.

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

in Atlanta caused by economic competition and false newspaper accounts of African-American men attacking white women; several African-Americans were killed

three powerful Georgia politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon) who dominated Georgia politics for over 20 years.

Event held in 1881 and 1895; created to show the economic recovery and potential of the South after Reconstruction; tried to get businessmen to invest money in Georgia by building factories (industry).

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

given by BTW to ease whites' fears of integration, assuring them that separate but equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois

to deprive of the right to vote

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

a requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of Jim Crow laws

American Jew lynched in Atlanta for the murder of a white girl superintendent of a pencil factory

the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

insect whose larvae feed on cotton crops; decimated cotton production in the southeastern United States.

One of the worst droughts in Georgia's history; led to a depression in the state that predated the Great Depression.

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

New Deal program designed to build the capabilities to bring electricity to rural areas

(1884-1946):four time Georgia governor that fought against Roosevelt's New Deal policies

Short-term loans that individual citizens made to the government that financed two-thirds of the war's cost.

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

The laws passed by the U.S. allowing us to give aid to our Allies in early WWII

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Factory built the largest bomber of World War II, the B-29 Super-fortress. Provided many badly needed jobs for Georgia.

U.S. cargo ships made during World War II. In all 187 of these ships were made in Georgia.

served as Georgia's governor and senator. brought numerous military installations into the state during World War II, bringing many new jobs to the state.

•In the U.S. House of Representatives for 50 years, from GA. supported military. "Father of the Two Ocean Navy"

Ga Governor. He reformed GA;s government by: removing the Board of Regents from the Governor's office, lowering the voting age to 18 years old, abolishing the poll tax in Georgia. revising the state's constitution, and paying off state debt. First governor to serve 4 year term

mayor of Atlanta who was instrumental in the development of the city, bringing major league sports teams to Atlanta, and a key figure in the civil rights movement.

Longest serving of the progressive mayors. He purchased a racetrack that became Atlanta's first airport (Hartsfield International Airport-today is the busiest airport in the world). "Father of Atlanta Aviation".

Also called the Three Governors Controversy. Due to the death of the governor's race winner Eugene Talmadge and recent changes to the Georgia state constitution, three men had a legitimate claim to the office; the matter was settled by the Supreme Court and a special election in 1948.

student leader of SNCC who organized sit-ins, spoke in Washington, & marched in Selma

August 28, 1963, rally by civil rights organizations in Washington, D.C., that brought increased national attention to the movement.

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment;

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

First African American Mayor of Atlanta. Fought to make sure that minority businesses received their fair share of city contracts. Started MARTA, expanded Hartsfield Airport and helped bring Olympics to ATL.

Aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Ga's first black representative to the House of Representatives since Reconstruction. US Ambassador to the United Nations. Succeeded Jackson as mayor. Brought the Democratic Convention to Georgia and the 1996 Olympics to Atlanta.

This racist restaurant owner closed his restaurant rather than integrate. He eventually became governor and hired more blacks to office than all prior governors combined.

Desegregation movement in Albany, GA; SNCC was involved as well as the NAACP.

Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. His last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election. Georgia Governor.

created by the General Assembly to travel throughout the state to find the feelings of Georgians regarding integration of school