Powerful Eurasian states and empires faced and responded to challenges ca. 1750. Students will compare and contrast the Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire in 1750 in terms of religious and ethnic tolerance, political organization, and commercial activity. Students will examine efforts to unify, stabilize, and centralize Japan under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Students will compare and contrast the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan with France under the rule of the Bourbon Dynasty, looking at the role of Edo and Paris/Versailles, attempts to control the daimyo and nobles, and the development of bureaucracies.
Enlightenment thinkers developed political philosophies based on natural laws, which included the concepts of social contract, consent of the governed, and the rights of citizens. Students will examine at least three Enlightenment thinkers, including John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and key ideas from their written works.
Individuals and groups drew upon principles of the Enlightenment to spread rebellions and call for revolutions in France and the Americas. Students will examine evidence related to the preconditions of the French Revolution and the course of the revolution, noting the roles of Olympe de Gouges, Maximilien Robespierre, and Napoleon Bonaparte. Students will examine the evidence related to the impacts of the French Revolution on resistance and revolutionary movements, noting the roles of Toussaint L'Ouverture and Simon Bolivar.
Those who faced being colonized engaged in varying forms of resistance and adaptation to colonial rule with varying degrees of success. Students will investigate one example of resistance in Africa (Zulu, Ethiopia, or Southern Egypt/Sudan) and one in China (Taiping Rebellion or Boxer Rebellion and the role of Empress Dowager CiXi). Students will investigate how Japan reacted to the threat of Western imperialism in Asia.
Cultural identity and nationalism inspired political movements that attempted to unify people into new nation-states and posed challenges to multinational states. Students will investigate the role of cultural identity and nationalism in the unification of Italy and Germany and in the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires.
International competition, fueled by nationalism, imperialism, and militarism along with shifts in the balance of power and alliances, led to world wars. Students will compare and contrast long- and short-term causes and effects of World War I and World War II.
International conflicts developed as imperial powers competed for control. Claims over land often resulted in borders being shifted on political maps, often with little regard for traditional cultures and commerce (e.g., Berlin Conference). Students will compare and contrast maps of Africa from ca. 1800 and ca. 1914, noting the changes and continuities of ethnic groups and regions, African states, and European claims.
Independence movements in India and Indochina developed in response to European control. Students will explore Gandhi's nonviolent nationalist movement and nationalist efforts led by the Muslim League aimed at the masses that resulted in a British-partitioned subcontinent. Students will compare and contrast the ideologies and methodologies of Gandhi and Ho Chi Minh as nationalist leaders.
The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the communist bloc in Europe had a global impact. Students will investigate the political reforms of glasnost and economic reforms of perestroika. Students will examine the impacts of those reforms within the Soviet Union, on the Soviet communist bloc, and in the world.
Tensions between agents of modernization and traditional cultures have resulted in ongoing debates within affected societies regarding social norms, gender roles, and the role of authorities and institutions. Students will investigate, compare, and contrast tensions between modernization and traditional culture in Turkey under the rule of Kemal Ataturk and in Iran under the Pahlavis and the Ayatollahs. Students will explore how changes in technology, such as communication and transportation, have affected interactions between people and those in authority (e.g., efforts to affect change in government policy, engage people in the political process including use of social media, control access to information, and use terrorism as a tactic).
Globalization is contentious, supported by some and criticized by others. Students will compare and contrast arguments supporting and criticizing globalization by examining concerns including: free market, export-oriented economies vs. localized, sustainable activities development of a mixed economy in China and China's role in the global economy multinational corporations and cartels (e.g., Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) roles of the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and microfinance institutions economic growth and economic downturns (e.g., recession, depression) on a national and a global scale economic development and inequality (e.g., access to water, food, education, health care, energy) migration and labor ethnic diversity vs. homogenization (e.g., shopping malls, fast food franchises, language, popular culture).
Population pressures, industrialization, and urbanization have increased demands for limited natural resources and food resources, often straining the environment. Students will examine how the world's population is growing exponentially for numerous reasons and how it is not evenly distributed. Students will explore efforts to increase and intensify food production through industrial agriculture (e.g., Green Revolutions, use of fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation, and genetic modifications). Students will examine strains on the environment, such as threats to wildlife and degradation of the physical environment (i.e., desertification, deforestation and pollution) due to population growth, industrialization, and urbanization.
Historical and contemporary violations of human rights can be evaluated, using the principles and articles established within the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Students will examine the atrocities committed under Augusto Pinochet, Deng Xiaoping, and Slobodan Milosevic in light of the principles and articles within the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Students will examine and analyze the roles of perpetrators and bystanders in human rights violations in Cambodia, Rwanda, and Darfur in light of the principles and articles within the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Students will examine the policy of apartheid in South Africa and the growth of the anti apartheid movements, exploring Nelson Mandela?s role in these movements and in the post-apartheid period. Students will explore efforts to address human rights violations by individuals and groups, including the efforts of Mother Teresa, Aung San Suu Kyi, and the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.
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