1. Became Chancellor 2. Reichstag Fire 3. Enabling Acts 4. Night of the Long Swords 5. Death of President Hindeburgh

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. No classes, no gov't, economy is shared, greed is gone

Gov't controls economy, divides up wealth to needy, regulations on business, protection of workers

No gov't regulation on business, competition creates supply and demand, and wages determined by business cycle

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. Hands off!

a situation in which people feel greater allegiance and loyalty to their own ethnic group (tribe) than to a state as a whole.

The policy of extending a country's power and influence by exploiting another country through diplomacy or military force for economic gain

Teddy Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

The widespread arrests and executions by Josef Stalin. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

(1793-94) During the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

an area typically situated apart from a more homogenous region (e.g., metropolitan city) and comprised of a local culture that may practice their own culture. Chinatown, Brier Hill, People immigrate to where their comfortable. Around same ethnic group.

Ended WW1. Other key provisions of the Treaty of Versailles called for the demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland, limited Germany's army and navy, forbade it to maintain an air force, and required it to conduct war crimes trials against Kaiser Wilhelm II and other leaders for their aggression.Most importantly, Article 231 of the treaty, better known as the "war guilt clause," forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting World War I and pay enormous reparations for Allied war losses.

the growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

A cause of the stock market crash in 1929; buying stocks with borrowed money.

a situation in which the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand

Rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states.

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption. Wanted to throw out the Articles of Confederation. Strong NATIONAL GOVERNMENT!

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs.

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

English political philosopher believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority. KING!

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

One of if not the most radical of the enlightenment philosophers. "The Social Contract", people are born good but environment and education corrupts them. He proclaimed hat "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains".

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

created the first central government for the united states was replaced by the constitution

"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. Originally a man of the people, his portrayal of himself as a god during the Ceremony of the Supreme Being.

King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time" Theeee example of appeasement

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Deal between Stalin and Hitler agreed not to attack each other and to take eastern Europe territory, dividing Poland up

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Owners of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic powerJohn D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development

A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process, such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all. Filed lawsuits against harmful trusts. Preserved millions of acres of the American landscape. Protected consumers conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution. Everyone dies the same

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the inequities in f=France's socio-economic and political structure. Many historians look back on the revolution and ask the question "How much violence is justified in creating a new government?" Much like the American revolution was inspired by enlightenment beliefs and liberties.

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Tsar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas.

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 although some still debate whether his reign was just a continuation of the revolution. Became emperor of France in 1804. Abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille. Stormed by revolutionaries. It's fall is considered the symbolic start of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically.Reaction in many ways to the Laissez-Faire economics during the Industrial Revolution

process by which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. Still one of the worst workplace disasters in U.S history. Considered by many as the "turning point" in workplace safety regulations.

1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Determined, courageous, and innovative, this Pennsylvania engineer proposes to transcend the Paris exposition's Eiffel Tower, and he makes history by building the first Ferris wheel for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair; succumbs to typhoid fever in 1896

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist. Born in Niles.

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms. Dollar Diplomacy. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII. Suffered from Polio. Only prez to serve more than two terms.

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. Very popular in his day. Won 2nd term re-election with 72% of electoral college vote.

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community - Stressed that private businesses should continue to pay their workers - Private industry over government intervention. - Maintain balanced budget - Saw great depression as business cycle issue and it would work itself out.

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

What are Enlightenment ideas ?

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Right to bear arms

No quartering of soldiers

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination Right to remain silent!

The right to a fair and speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

No cruel or unusual punishment

Citizens are entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Gave women the right to vote

Repeal of Prohibition

Farm auctions during the Great Depression at which neighbors saved each other's property from foreclosure by bidding low

the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters. Final straw that led the US entry into WW1.

Archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. A major catalyst for WWI.

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria. Maybe the most important man in modern history.

(1916) was the longest battle of World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded.

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations.

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia, or Northern Europe. Held many of the same beliefs, customs, and traditions as existing Americans

Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe. Wanted to hold onto their culture.

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Slogan for Mussolini that state is more important.

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

a style of art in which communist values and life under communism are glorified. Especially with Stalin in ever-day life.

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI.

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)