is from the time period or event it is about; diaries; journals; letters; photos & videos of events

was created after the event or time period it is about;textbooks; encyclopedias; books, articles, movies made later

an object made by humans (like buildings, coins, artwork)

studies how people use goods and resources

studies how landforms, water, location, and climate (weather) affect people

shows landforms like mountains and deserts

shows borders and cities

exchange of goods, technology, and ideas

location: "cultural bridge" between China & Japan

• econ. system based on trade • colonies=sources of raw resources & markets for products •favorable balance of trade

transfer of goods & disease between Old World (Europe) & New World (Americas)

belief that God wanted monarch to rule

• centralized power • divine right • Louis XIV, Suleiman the Magnificent, the Greats

• Magna Carta • Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights

• based on Scientific Revolution • used reason • natural rights (life, liberty, property)• consent of the governed

• Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simón Bolívar, and José de San Martín

• unified Germany & Italy • broke up Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire

• natural resources: iron & coal

• government should stay out of economics • supply and demand should determine prices in free market

• called for proletariat (workers) revolution to overthrow capitalism

• starvation in Ireland that led to migration

• ocean shortcuts

• attempts to remove foreign influence

• when Japan westernized, industrialized, and modernized

• reason why Japan pursued a policy of imperialism

(MAIN)• militarism • alliances • imperialism • nationalism • assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

• blamed Germany for WWI • forced Germany to pay reparations • took land away from Germany

• Lenin promised "Peace, Land, and Bread"

• nationalist leader who westernized, modernized, democratized, and secularized Turkey

• nationalist-led Indian independence movement • nonviolent civil disobedience and boycotts • Salt March was an example

• Stalin's attempts to increase Soviet industrial and agricultural output

• government control • censorship

• why fascists came to power in Europe between World War I & World War II

• lack of military allowed Axis aggression that led to World War II

• both were defeated in Russia partly by winter climate

• US aid to other countries to contain communism

• alliance against Soviet Union

• Cuban Missile Crisis • Korean War

• Mao Zedong's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture

• Deng Xiaoping's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture • more economic freedom (capitalism)

• Middle East has it • OPEC controls it

• split because of religious differences between Hindus and Muslims

• African nationalists who led independence movements

• racial segregation in S. Africa • Nelson Mandela & Desmond Tutu = anti-apartheid leaders• F.W. de Klerk ended apartheid

• Gorbachev's economic & political reforms of the Soviet Union • led to the breakup of the Soviet Union

examples = Armenian massacre, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, Holocaust

• more countries getting nuclear weapons (like Iran & North Korea)

John Locke's enlightenment idea

Promoted Capitalism

Wrote The Communist Manifesto

Pre-Revolutionary French social classes

Social Class that most of France belonged to before the revolution; paid almost all of the taxes even though they had only a tiny amount of the wealth

Killed thousands during the Reign of Terror in France

French Dictator during the Revolution, built a huge Empire

Led an independence movement in South America

Led an independence movement in Haiti

Led the movement for German unification

Leaders of the movement for Italian Unification

A Result of England's Industrial Revolution

Areas of China where foreign nations had control over trade

When a person from a mother country commits a crime in the colony, but faces trial back in their home country

Reasons why countries imperialize

Meeting where the nations of Europe agreed to divide up Africa

Reaction to British control of India

Reaction to foreign influence in China

"Spark" that caused WWI to begin

New technology in WWI

New technology in WWI

Why Japan imperialized in the years before WWII

WWII Dictator in USSR

WWII Dictator in Italy

WWII Dictator in Germany

When the League of Nations did nothing about the aggressive moves by Hitler prior to WWII

set the precedent that individuals can be held accountable for their actions in war