the total monetary value of everything produced within a country.

the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country either in that country or abroad.

the percentage of the population below the poverty line.

the measure of development based on life expectancy, GNI, the average years of schooling for adults, and the expected years of schooling for children.

a statistic of a country that is based on inequality of access to income, heath care, and education in a country

the unequal ratio of earnings of the richest to the poorest

it is the majority of income among a minority of the population. this means that most of the income in a population is among the richest and that the least of the income is among the poor. (money looks like a martini glass)

a body of ideas that were developed by Immanuel Wallerstein and that links dependency and underdevelopment to capitalism and its role in creating an international division of labor that shapes relations between core, semi peripheral, and peripheral regions of the world.

militarily strong. highly-skilled labor force, diversified economy that relies on high inputs. they benefit from capitalism, and are dominant over other countries.

has some manufacturing and economic diversification. are likely to be core states that are in decline or once peripheral regions that are now on the rise.

have less skilled labor force, a more labor-intensive system of production, and have history of colonization.

Has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. High GDP and GNP

a non-industrialized country. Smaller economy and infrastructure. Population may have a lower standard of living due to low incomes and abundant poverty. Low GDP and GNI

selecting plants or animals and influencing their reproduction.

When domestication happened in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East

introduction of the plow and horse collar, which occurred in the Middle Ages.

Still going on today- focuses on biotechnology and chemical applications

dramatic increase in wheat, rice, and corn production- led to desertification

depleting the soils fertility through fertilizers and overgrazing

measures taken to conserve soil and water resources.

caused by droughts, high oil prices, and rising consumer demand in 2008

Often found in MDC. Farm are often larger, specialized, and products are sold to food processing companies.

Smaller farms, goods consumed by family. Usually found in LDC

extracts natural resources from the Earth (miner, farmer)

assembles, processes, or converts raw materials into fuels or finished goods. (cars, tires, jewelry)

provides services to other businesses and/or consumers (doctor, retail, entertainment, server)

system of production designed for mass-production (assembly-line)

changes in technology and systems of production.

"You cannot do just one thing"- looks at human-environment interaction

Using resources faster than replenished, destroying biodiversity, and/or polluting a region past tolerable levels

semi-periphery

core

periphery

periphery

core