The political and economic control by a powerful country over a weaker region or country, often through colonization or military force.

The belief that one race is superior to another, often leading to discrimination and prejudice against those of different races.

The theory that applied the concept of natural selection to human society, suggesting that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their power diminish.

A meeting held in 1884-1885 in which European nations negotiated the division of Africa among themselves, leading to the establishment of colonial boundaries.

The leader of the Zulu Kingdom known for unifying various tribes and creating a formidable military force in southern Africa during the early 19th century.

A term referring to the descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, often associated with the conflicts known as the Boer Wars.

A conflict that took place from 1899 to 1902 between the British Empire and two Boer republics in South Africa, marked by guerrilla warfare and severe consequences for the local population.

The rapid invasion and colonization of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century, characterized by a race to acquire territories and resources.

The Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully resisted European colonization in the late 19th century, notably defeating the Italians at the Battle of Adwa.

A concept suggesting that Europeans had a moral obligation to bring civilization and enlightenment to the so-called 'heathen' races, often used to justify imperialism.

An Indian soldier employed by the British East India Company, especially during the period of British colonial rule in India.

A revolt that took place in India in 1857 against the British East India Company's rule, sparked by cultural and religious grievances among Indian soldiers and civilians.

The period of British rule in India that lasted from 1858 to 1947, following the dissolution of the British East India Company.

A historical region in Southeast Asia, which was shaped significantly by colonial influences and is now largely associated with countries like Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

A region that encompasses countries along the eastern edge of Asia and includes the major islands in the Pacific, known for its significant cultural and economic importance.

A conflict in the mid-19th century between Britain and China, primarily over trade issues, particularly the opium trade, resulting in significant territorial and trade concessions for Britain.

Legal exemptions that allow foreign nationals to live and conduct business under their own laws rather than local laws, often established by treaties.

A massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864 led by Hong Xiuquan, which sought to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

A diplomatic agreement that allows all countries to trade freely with China, proposed to prevent any one nation from monopolizing trade.

An armed uprising against foreign influence and Christians in China that took place between 1899 and 1901, characterized by violence against foreigners and Chinese Christians.

The influential and powerful dowager empress of China during the late Qing dynasty, known for her political maneuvering and opposition to reforms.

The treaty that established trade relations between Japan and the United States in 1854, effectively opening Japan to foreign trade for the first time in over two centuries.

The period in Japan from 1868 to 1912 characterized by rapid modernization and Westernization, as Japan sought to become a competitive world power.

The event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan under Emperor Meiji in 1868, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and beginning a period of rapid modernization.

A conflict fought between Japan and Russia from 1904 to 1905, which established Japan as a dominant power in East Asia and marked the first time an Asian power defeated a European nation in modern history.

The act of a state formally incorporating a territory into its domain, often associated with imperial conquests.

The American naval officer who played a crucial role in opening Japan to the West, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa.

A principle asserting that any intervention by the United States in Latin America would be viewed as a threat to its security, stemming from a historic declaration by President Monroe.

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt, asserting that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs to maintain stability and order.

A significant engineering project completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which greatly facilitated maritime trade.

A term referring to the British-held territory in India that was considered the most valuable due to its resources and strategic location.

A major uprising against British rule in India in 1857 that escalated tensions between the British and Indian soldiers, leading to widespread violence and significant changes in colonial governance.

The period of direct British rule in India following the dissolution of the British East India Company after the 1857 rebellion, marked by significant changes in governance and administration.

The form of colonial rule where a foreign power claims exclusive rights to trade and investment in a specific geographical area, often leading to economic influence without direct political control.