a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses.

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

punishments for violating norms

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

rewards given for conforming to norms

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others

the means of enforcing rules

deviance that occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

the regulation and enforcement of norms

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force