According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, what happens to gas particles when the temperature increases?

They move faster and collide more frequently.

They move slower and collide less frequently.

They occupy less volume and compress.

They remain stationary and do not collide.

What does Charles's Law describe regarding the behavior of gases?

The direct relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure.

The constant volume of a gas regardless of temperature.

The inverse relationship between pressure and temperature.

The direct relationship between pressure and volume.

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, what is true about the spaces between gas particles?

The spaces between gas particles are large compared to the size of the particles themselves.

The spaces between gas particles are filled with liquid.

Gas particles do not have any spaces between them.

The spaces are negligible, and particles are tightly packed.

What principle explains why a helium balloon rises in the air?

The principle of buoyancy due to density differences.

The principle of kinetic energy in gas particles.

The principle of temperature affecting gas volume.

The principle of increasing pressure in gases.

How does increasing temperature affect the kinetic energy of gas particles?

It increases the kinetic energy of the particles.

It decreases the kinetic energy of the particles.

It keeps kinetic energy constant.

It has no effect on the kinetic energy.

According to the Ideal Gas Law, what does the variable 'R' represent?

The radius of the gas particles.

Kinetic Molecular Theory and gas laws

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Introduction to the Kinetic Molecular Theory - Starter Quiz

True or False Exam about Kinetic molecular theory

Kinetic Molecular Theoy

SC.912.P.10.5-Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

SC.912.P.10.5 Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

PB-SC.912.P.10.5 (M) - Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell in a process known as passive transport. DIFFUSION The simplest type of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance is called a concentration gradient. Consider what happens when you add a sugar cube to a beaker of water. As shown in Figure 5-1, the sugar cube sinks to the bottom of the beaker. This sinking makes the concentration of sugar mole- cules greater at the bottom of the beaker than at the top. As the cube dissolves, the sugar molecules begin to diffuse slowly through the water, moving towards the lower concentration at the top. Diffusion is driven entirely by the molecules’ kinetic energy. Molecules are in constant motion because they have kinetic energy. Molecules move randomly, traveling in a straight line until they hit an object, such as another molecule. When they hit some- thing, they bounce off and move in a new direction, traveling in another straight line. If no object blocks their movement, they con- tinue on their path. Thus, molecules tend to move from areas where they are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated, or “down” their concentration gradient. In the absence of other influences, diffusion will eventually cause the molecules to be in equilibrium—the concentration of molecules will be the same throughout the space the molecules occupy. Returning to the example in Figure 5-1, if the beaker of water is left undisturbed, at some point the concentration of sugar molecules will be the same throughout the beaker. The sugar concentration will then be at equilibrium. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Explain how an equilibrium is established as a result of diffusion. ● Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. ● Explain how substances cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion. ● Explain how ion channels assist the diffusion of ions across the cell membrane. VOCABULARY passive transport diffusion concentration gradient equilibrium osmosis hypotonic hypertonic isotonic contractile vacuole turgor pressure plasmolysis cytolysis facilitated diffusion carrier protein ion channel Sugar Water 1 2 3 FIGURE 5-1 Sugar molecules, initially in a high concentration at the bottom of a beaker, , will move about randomly through diffusion, , and eventually reach equilibrium, . At equilibrium the sugar concentration will be the same throughout the beaker. Diffusion occurs naturally because of the kinetic energy the molecules possess. 3 2 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 98 CHAPTER 5 It is important to understand that even at equilibrium the ran- dom movement of molecules continues. But because there is an equal concentration of molecules everywhere, molecules are just as likely to move in one direction as in any other. The random movements of many molecules in many directions balance one another, and equilibrium is maintained. Diffusion Across Membranes Cell membranes allow some molecules to pass through, but not others. If a molecule can pass through a cell membrane, it will diffuse from an area of higher concentration on one side of the membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other side. Diffusion across a membrane is also called simple diffusion, and only allows certain molecules to pass through the membrane. The simple diffusion of a molecule across a cell membrane depends on the size and type of molecule and on the chemical nature of the membrane. A membrane can be made, in part, of a phospho- lipid bilayer, and certain proteins can form pores in the membrane. Molecules that can dissolve in lipids may pass directly through the membrane by diffusion. For example, because of their nonpolar nature, both carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolve in lipids. Molecules that are very small but not soluble in lipids may diffuse across the membrane by moving through the pores in the membrane.

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