Which of the following are NOT used by bacteriafor locomotion (moving)?

Hans and Zacharias Janssen (~1590) invented the microscope by accident while trying to make telescope.

Leeuwenhoek called them streaks and threads when naming bacteria.

Otto Frederick Muller ~100 yearslater more properly defined them as Bacillium and Spirillium. Cocci were notyet recognized.

Bacterial cells have the potential to produce capsules around themselves in an attempt to prevent desiccation (drying out), resist phagocytosis (being engulfed by cells) and become antibiotic resistant as well. What are the secretions that form that capsule layer?

When the bacteria only secretes a thin layer of glycocalyces (not enough to make a capsule), these sticky layers are referred to as_____________.

When sticky layers (glycocalyces, slime layer) hold together layers of bacteria on the surface of an object, this film of bacteria is known as a ______________.

All true bacteria (eubacteria) except for mycoplasma contain ___________.

The purpose of the eubacteria cell wall is to prevent it from rupturing and breaking apart. 

The bacterial cell wall surrounds the peptidoglycan layer. 

The bacterial cell wall protects the peptidoglycan layer. The bacterial cell wall is typically surrounded by an additional thicker layer of glycocalyces (capsule). This peptidoglycan layer is itself composed of a network of amino acids that gives it structure and rigidity.

What is the name of the layer that absorbs crystal violet thus identifying gram-positives vs gram negatives?

Gram positives stand out from gram negatives because they have a thinner layer of absorption of crystal violet.

What makes gram positive stand out under the scope? They have a thick layer of peptidoglycan consisting of 60-90%of it. This means that when the lab staining procedure is performed with crystal violet, they stain darker than gram negative cells which have less of a layer of peptidoglycan. Another unique feature is that they contain teichoic acids.

The higher the amount of peptidoglycan, the more susceptible the bacteria are to antibiotics since proteins and amino acids are well understood structures and designing antibiotics that target amino acids prove to be an easier task. More peptidoglycan, more susceptibility. 

Penicillin and Lysozyme (enzyme in mouth) are two chemicals that are capable of interfering with peptidoglycan formation and thus leaving the cell susceptible to destruction.

Gram negative cells retain crystal violet during the lab staining procedure.

In the place of the extra peptidoglycan, gram negatives have more lipid besides the phospholipid layer. This second layer of phospholipid that surrounds the phospholipid is called the ______________.

Gram negatives have an outside layer called the lipopolysaccharide layer which contains a toxin called _________.

The location where endotoxins are stored within the lipopolysaccharide layer is called _______________.

The space that separates the phospholipid bilayer from the lipopolysaccharide layer is called the _________________.

Molecules that pass through the periplasmic space are quickly destroyed by antimicrobials and disinfectants. This is the purpose of the periplasmic space. 

Of the three shapes, rods, cocci and spirals, which does not have flagella?

Which part of the bacterial cell produces the wavelike motion that causes movement.