Livestock Harvest & Red Meat Production: Grading, Fabrication & Marketing

Water harvesting and storage  Water is very important for life on earth.  People, plants and animals all need water to live.  There is always not enough water in rivers and streams for farmers to use.  Water harvesting is collecting rain water and storing it to be used later.  We can divert rivers and build structures such as dams and tanks to store water. METHODS OF WATER HARVESTING 1.Harvesting from rooftops: Rainwater that fall on roofs, roads and pavements can be collected, instead of letting it run into the ditches. One way to do this is to use water storage tanks. Rain runs off the roof into the gutter and then into the water tank. 2. Damming rivers.  Farmers may also build dams to store water to use to irrigate their crops and water their livestock.  Some communities block rivers to harness water.  The water might be pumped into tanks  They can then use the water to water their crops and animals to drink 4. Making pits and open reservoirs •If water tanks are too expensive, people can dig big pits and make open reservoirs. •These reservoirs not only collect rainwater, but also allow rainwater to seep into the ground and raise the ground water level. 5. Road drains Rain water can be harvested from roadside drains then led to storage tanks or encouraged to sink into the soil to increase the water table 5. Harvesting rain water from rock outcrops Rain water can be harvested from the rock outcrops by constructing a small wall to block the water and lead it to the tanks WATER STORAGE FACILITIES  1. Tanks – stores water to reduce evaporation and protect it from algae  2. Reservoirs – also reduces evaporation and algae  3. Ponds

Administrative jobs involve performing administrative roles that support workers in the agriculture industry. b. Engineering jobs involve using high-level science and math to solve complex problems. Professionals, evaluate, design, test and install agricultural equipment and systems. c. Labor jobs require workers to perform manual tasks such as planting, harvesting, caring for animals and maintaining equipment Sales jobs are performed by professionals who are responsible for selling materials and products to customers. e. Science jobs are those of scientists who work in agriculture and specialize in crops, livestock or food production. Agricultural Jobs: a. Farm workers perform essential manual labor tasks under the supervision of farmers and ranchers. They harvest or inspect crops, assist in watering the plants, applying fertilizer and pesticides to control weeds and insects. b. Growers are responsible for taking care and raising crops that involves proper management of the growing plants and its environment to keep the crops/plants healthy. c. Grain Elevator operators assist in maintaining essential quality standards of grains by properly storing, shipping and purchasing grains. They receive incoming grain deliveries, store the grain safely and they may assist in preparing outgoing shipments, drying grain and blending different grain types. d. Agricultural equipment technicians maintain, install and repair machines and implements. They perform preventive maintenance, which may involve refueling machines, replacing batteries, changing the oil and lubricating moving parts. When they detect a malfunctioning equipment, they perform diagnostic tests and conduct necessary repairs. e. Purchasing agents are responsible for buying agricultural products and raw materials at wholesale for processing and reuse. These professionals often have to meet specific purchasing quotas for processors. They work with several farming clients, who serve as suppliers of grain, milk and other agricultural products. f. Farm warehouse managers are responsible for overseeing all activities related to storing, shipping and receiving agricultural materials. They send and receive shipments, including loading and unloading products and materials Agriculture specialists perform administrative support and clerical tasks that focus on a certain aspect of farming. Some agriculture specialists focus on storage, which requires them to work with farmers to develop high-performing crop and grain storage and inventory systems. h. Sales representatives sell materials and products to businesses and government agencies. They seek out prospective customers by attending trade shows, reviewing customer lists and following leads from existing clients. They determine customers' needs, explain how their products meet clients' needs and create packages that meet customers' budgetary and timeline needs. i. Crop managers oversee the many steps in the crop production process. They supervise seed sourcing, planting processes and scheduling as well as fertilizing, irrigation and harvesting. j. Environmental engineers use science and engineering principles to design and apply solutions to problems that occur on agricultural sites. They assess environmental conditions—including testing soil and analyzing drainage capabilities—and develop improvements. k. Feed mill managers supervise the production and storage of animal feed. They are responsible for monitoring inventory levels, scheduling feed production and inspecting the quality of the grain. These professionals set and maintain quality standards, assess and improve operating procedures and track customer complaints. l. Research scientists who specialize in agriculture often work as food scientists, who research and develop processes for manufacturing, storing and packaging food. They are responsible for developing or improving products, but some specialize in detecting contaminants or administering government regulations

• There are two groups of animals which are important in agriculture. • The groups are domestic and wild animals. 1. Domestic animals • These are animals which are trained to live with people in their homes. • Some examples includes : Uses of domestic animals • Source of food, for example milk, eggs and meat. • For cultural purposes, for example paying lobola. • Some are used for transport and labour. • Domestic animals can also be a source of income. 2 . Wild animals • These are animals which are found in game reserves and in the forests • They are also called game animals. • Examples of wild animals are: Uses of wild animals • Some of the wild animals give us meat, hides and ivory. • Wild animals attract visitors from other countries, so the country gets money. Wednesday 06 September 2023 Exercise: Domestic animals 1. What is a domestic animal? [2] 2. What is a wild animal? [2] 3. Name any 4 domestic animals that you know. [4] 4. State any 2 uses of domestic animals. [2] 5. Name any 3 wild animals that you know. [3] 6. Give 2 uses of wild ani mals. [2] 7. Wild animals can also be called animals. [1] • Animals, like human beings need good food to help them to grow and reproduce. • The main sources of food for animals include stock feeds, pastures, veld grass, crop remains and cereal grains. • These foods contain the most needed essential nutrients. Nutrient Function carbohydrates Gives energy Fats Give energy and warmth Proteins Helps in growth and repair of body parts Minerals Help in the formation of bones and teeth Vitamins Help develop good sight, improve fertility and help animals fight diseases Water Transports food in the body, cools the body and remove waste from the body. • Livestock are domesticated animals that are kept for food, use or for sale. • Small livestock has many uses. • They are a good source of food. • They also give us manure to use in gardens. • We get clothes and medicine as well from small livestock • Examples of small livestock are rabbits, sheep, goats and all form of poultry Poultry • All animals that are kept by farmers which have wings and feathers and lay eggs are called poultry. • They are a good source of white meat, eggs and manure. • They are also a source of income when we well them and their products. • Poultry includes chicken, guinea fowl, ducks, turkey, pigeons and quail birds. Rabbits • Rabbits have 3 known uses which are: They are kept for meat Kept for pelts. (pelt is animal skin used to make blankets, hats and jackets) They are used at agricultural shows • Rabbits are cheap to buy, easy to keep and feed. • They take about 4 months to mature. • Rabbits are fed using green vegetables and rabbit pellets. Wednesday 20 September 2023 Small livestock 1. Give 3 examples of small livestock. [3] 2. State 3 things that are provided by small livestock. [3] 3. What are the 2 uses of rabbits? [2] 4. Pelts are used to make _________________ [1] 5. State any 4 examples poultry. [4] 6. Rabbits take ___________ months to mature. [1] 7. What is poultry? • Apiculture is the keeping of bees in order for them to produce honey for sale. • Apiculture is very important because: (i) Provides honey - a valuable nutritional food (ii) Provides bees wax - which has many uses in industry Uses of wax For making candles Polish furniture Make crayons Prevent tools from rusting (iii) Honey bees are excellent pollinating agents, thus increasing agricultural yields. BEE COLONY Inhabitants of the bee colony and their roles • A honey bee colony typically consists of three kinds of adult bees: workers, drones and the queen 1. Workers • Workers are the smallest and constitute the majority of bees occupying the colony. • They do not lay eggs. • Workers have specialized structures, such as brood food glands, scent glands, wax glands, and pollen baskets. • these allow them to perform all the labors of the hive. Roles of the worker bees they forage for nectar, pollen, water, and plant sap. They clean and polish the cells. feed the brood. care for the queen. remove debris. handle incoming nectar. build beeswax combs. guard the entrance. 2. Drones • Drones (male bees) are the largest bees in the colony. • They are generally present only during late spring and summer. • The drone’s head is much larger than that of either the queen or worker. • Drones have no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax glands. • Their main function is to mate with the queen. 3 . Queen • Each colony has only one queen. • The queen is the largest of the bees in a bee colony. • The Queen Bee plays a vital role in the hive because she is the only female with fully developed ovaries. • She produces both fertilized and unfertilized eggs. • Queens lay the greatest number of eggs in the spring and early summer. • The queen also produce chemical scents that help regulate the unity of the colony. 1. What is apiculture? [2] 2. Give 3 reasons why apiculture is important in Zimbabwe. [3] 3. Name the 3 inhabitants of the bee colony. [3] 4. Briefly explain the roles of each inhabitant named in number 3. • Apart from using hand tools, farmers also use some farm implements and machinery to carry out their field work. • Machines help farmers do their work more easily and quickly. • The most common implements used by farmers to grow, harvest and transport their produces are:  mouldboard plough Cultivator Scotch cart Harrow Planter Maize sheller  combine harvesters Boom sprayers Disc harrow Spike toothed harrow KNAPSACK SPRAYER • Farming is a business. • Communal farmers grow crops and keep animal mainly for their own use. • If there is any extra they sell to get money. • Commercial farmers grow crops and keep animals for sale. • Crops and animals produced are called farm produce. • There are places were farmers have to sell their produce. • Farmers can take their produce to local markets. • A market is a place where buying and selling occurs. • Some of the local markets includes: A shopping centre A school A nearest bus stop A local village A school Local Grain Marketing Board depot (GMB) Types of farm produce Beef Fruits Mutton Eggs Vegetables Pork Milk Chicken Cereals/grains beans

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