1.Erosion - process of removing Earth materials from their original sites through weathering and transport.

2. On Bowen's reaction series olivine is the first mineral to form.

3. The hydrosphere covers 40% of Earth's surface.

4. The term igneous comes from the Latin word ignis means "magma"

5. Changes in one subsystems or component influence the other subsystem's.

6. The four major subsystems are Biosphere, Lithosphere, Geosphere and Hydrosphere

7. Atmosphere traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and provides chemicals needed for life, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

8. Earth’s surface is continuously changing because of geologic activities

9. The totality of life forms is hydrosphere

10. deposition is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent such as water, wind, or ice.

11. Rocks is a naturally occurring, inorganic substance that is solid with orderly crystalline structure and has a fixed (or uniformly variable) chemical composition

12. Streak is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral

13. Mass is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center

14. Asthenosphere is a thin gaseous layer that envelopes the asthenosphere

15. Life seems to be limited to a temperature range of -25oC to 115oC

16. Biosphere includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic liquid outer core, and the solid metallic inner core.

17. Rocks is an important process of shaping the surface of the Earth.

18. Atmosphere is the total amount of water on a planet.

19. Cleavage is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion

20. Once the movement of sediments reach their final (or temporary) destination, it is called erosion

21. Discharge is the ability of stream to erode and transport

22.Saltation is when large materials such as boulders are rolled and pushed along the river bed by the force of the river

23. Mercury is only about half the Earth’s size and weighs lighter.

24. Mars gases include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides.

25. Loess is a moving body of ice on land that moves downslope or outward from an area of accumulation

26. Dunes which are hills or ridges of wind-blown sand

27. Weathering is processes at or near Earth’s surface that cause rocks and minerals to break down.

28. Salt Growth is cracking of rock mass by the expansion of water as it freezes in crevices and cracks

29. Magma derived from the Latin word means viscous

30. Sinkhole a distinctive type of landscape which develops as a consequence of subsurface solution.

31. Types of folds that is convex upward with the limbs dipping away from the crest.

32. Exogenic processes is a process that change the chemical composition of rocks and minerals.

33. is a processes that break a rock or mineral into smaller pieces without altering its composition

34. Among the three planets being compared, _______ is considered as the hottest planet (not only among the inner planets but in solar system as a whole).

35. _________ minerals ability to transmit light

36. Quartz is used in

37. Refers to a minerals resistance to breaking, crushing and bending

38. Refers to the ratio of the weight of the volume of a mineral to the weight of the equal volume of water

39. Settling of sediments is called ______

40. _________ refers to the tendency of the minerals to break other than along planes of weakness.

41. _________ degree Celsius – the required temperature for the magma to melt.

42. Largest portion of the planet

43.________ is the process by which material circulates through a region that is unevenly heated

44. __________ is the direct transfer of heat from one molecule to an adjacent one

45. rocks derived from pre existing rocks in response to marked changes in temperature , pressure and chemically active fluids.

46. ________facilitates the down slope transportation of loosened, weathered materials and enables them to move without the aid of water, wind, or ice.

47. _______processes that change the chemical composition of rocks and minerals. This includes dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.

48. Atmospheric pressure (the weight of the atmosphere per unit area) at the surface of the planet in bars. It is proportional to the mass of air above the location.

49. is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center

50. What makes the Earth sustainable for living, except

51. temperature is needed in a system that will be able to constantly supply nutrients to organisms is important to sustain life.

52. Weathering, Erosion and deposition are considered as endogenic process

53. Frost Wedging is cracking of rock mass by the expansion of water as it freezes in crevices and cracks

54.Atmosphere turns out to be one of the most important prerequisites for life

55. Salt crystal growth is force exerted by salt crystal that formed as water evaporates from pore spaces or cracks in rocks can cause the rock to fall apart

56. oxidation is when water, often containing acid from dissolved carbon dioxide, will dissolve minerals from a rock body leaving cavities in the rock. These cavities may generate sinkholes or cave features such as stalactites and stalagmites

57. Earth & Venus are the right size to hold a sufficient-sized atmosphere

58. Rock type is the minerals that constitute rocks have different susceptibilities to weathering. Those that are most stable to surface conditions will be the most resistant to weathering

59. A planet's temperature is a function of distance from the Sun but is modified by the amount of greenhouse warming

60. Ice sheets are bounded by valleys and tend to be long and narrow.