microbiology

contamination

nearly everywhere - untreated water, air, dust, uncooked food, decaying matter, skin, hair, intestines, feces, and body fluid discharges

A hypotonic solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it, and a hypertonic solution is one where the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it.

bacteria

by the micron which is 1/25,000 of an inch-most bacteria are 1-2 microns in size

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

have no membrane separating the nucleus

cytoplasm

cell wall

cocci

cell membrane

cytoplasm- all the cells chemical reactions and protein syntheses are carried out in the cytoplasm

capsule - not all bacteria have this -a capsule will make it difficult for a WBC to engulf and phagotize bacteria

flagella (singular is flagellum)

nucleus- it regulates growth, use of food, and production of new components

one

no- the DNA or chromosomes float freely in the cytoplasm.

spore

cell-the smallest unit that can live, grow and reproduce

nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane

chlorophyll which is a chemical in plant cells that enables them to change energy from sunlight into food for the cell

shape, color change, and need for oxygen

capitalized

organism (species) - it is never capitalized - the microbe name should also be slanted (italicized)

Helicobacter pylori

clear and colorless so we stain them in order to see them

gram stain and ziehl-neilson stain

divides bacteria into two groups -positive are purple. negative are pinkish red

bacilli

tetanus and botulism-

mesophiles 68-113F

psychrophilic, minus 4 degrees F - 68F

thermophiles 122-158F

vegetative stage -as opposed to resting or spore stage

every twenty minutes- they often adhere to each other as they divide

angstrom

yes-example, if an appendix ruptures, the E. Coli and anaerobic bacteria are no longer enclosed and they can form an abscess which is an area of pus

moisture, relative humidity, pH and light- bacillus can survive for years in a dry state, while gonorrhea will only live about 30 seconds-most also die in acidic solutions below 4.4-human pH is 7.0-7.8-ultraviolet light is most lethal

binary fission

MRSA methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

VRE Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus

Virus

host

true- for example a microbe that lives and thrives in the soil may not grow well in the vital organs of humans or vice versa

resistant-this is why it is so important to follow prevention and control policies to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria

virus

viruses are about 1000 times smaller than bacteria

cell cultures -not agar because they need a cells DNA or RNA in order to reproduce-they also have no means of movement and depend on air, water, humans, insects, or animals to carry them from 1 host to another

scabs, blood, or body wastes

smallpox, rabies, yellow fever, measles, mumps, polio, shingles, cold sores, acquired human immune deficiency, hepatitis, flu, shingles, herpes & common colds

two- HSV 1 mouth and lip blisters- HSV 2 is genital - it can survive on toilet seats for 4 hours, 72 hours on cotton gauze, & 18 hours on plastic

a bird pathogen that can cause flu like symptoms and encephalitis in humans horses, and other animals. carried by mosquitoes from bird to man and has been transmitted from organ donors to recipients

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

5 types- ABCDE- A is often from food, others from body fluids- only vaccines for A & B

fungi- they live by feeding on living or dead organisms

bread, cheese, wine, and beer. mushrooms for food, often in antibiotics (penicillin notatum)

respiratory diseases from spores found in dust, bird droppings, soil and other sources

they are the worlds greatest hitchhikers and can move by air currents, dust, liquids, solid objects like surgical equipment, people, animals

about 1 percent- those that grow at human body temperatures

pathogenic to non pathogenic ( or opposite)

patients whose defenses are compromised from illness, injury, or invasive procedures

to work diligently to prevent the transmission of microorganisms to patients

Louis pasteur - suggested that microbes cause disease

Robert Koch

cause, reservoir, portal of exit from the reservoir, mode of transmission, portal of entry into the host, susceptible host

causative agent,or pathogenic microbe

invasiveness, pathogenicity, virulence, infectious dose, and viability

pathogenicity

virulence

infectious dose

viability in a free state

reservoir- it may not be able to multiply or divide but it can survive, most common are humans, animals, and environment including fomites

carriers- their infections go undetected because they are not affected by them

good personal hygiene & health habits, proper cleaning decontamination, disinfection, and sterilization of hospital equipment

the portal of exit

respiratory tract (cough or sneeze), genitourinary tract (urine, vaginal secretions, or semen), gastrointestinal tract (vomit or stools), skin/mucous membrane (mucous or wound drainage), blood (transfusions or contact), transplacental

mode of transmission

portal of entry

bacteria, pt #1, surgical instrument used, instrument improperly sterilized between pts, instrument used on pt #2, pt #2 infected

age, underlying disease or history of disease, nutritional status, compromised immune status (chemo, radiation, steroids, HIV), Trauma (the injury itself and methods used to treat it)

control the spread of microorganisims and prevent the spread of infection to patients