a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms and ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species

he property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.

a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena

an organized and detailed series of steps to validate or reject a hypothesis

a graphical model of energy flow in a community.

a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge

a single member of a class.

ll the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding

interacting group of various species in a common location

the increase in the number of individuals in a population.

living factors

non living factors

the amount of individuals in a certain area

movement into one place

movement out of a place

he number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.

the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions

nteraction between organisms, populations, or species, in which birth, growth and death depend on gaining a share of a limited environmental resource

hunter

hunted

the living together of two dissimilar organisms,

a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host

two organisms where one organism benefits from the other without affecting it.

a more accurate indication of how much energy is passed on at each trophic level

produces

consumes

the increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

refers to the variety and variability of life

it does not experience unexpected large changes in its characteristics across time, or if it is capable of returning to its equilibrium state after a perturbation

compounds containing a carbon-hydrogen bond.

a substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.[3] It comprises a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others

a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms

large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues

biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of monomers, which are nucleotides made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

solids, liquids, gas

subatomic particle, symbol p or p+ , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron

a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0 , with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms

a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β− , with a negative elementary electric charge

a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution (hydrogenous to hydroxide)

macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products

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Adenosine Triphosphate. Is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life

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Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses

Plant cells, animals cells

1. All Organisms are made of cells

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any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. (pg. 104 for types)

the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration with high chemical potential to a region of low concentration with low chemical potential

the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input

the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells.

a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells

where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm

type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them

1. Prophase 1

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have the same genes at the same loci, but possibly different alleles.

the male reproductive cel

the female reproductive cell or gamete of animals, which is capable of developing, usually only after fertilization, into a new individual.

the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate sexually receptive mates during copulation

female system made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in human reproduction.

male system that consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in the process of human reproduction. These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the pelvis

1. G1

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he regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.

process where a cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly the cell changes to a more specialized type

is the first stage of embryogenesis. It pertains to the repeated mitotic division of a zygote into blastomeres that cluster to a compact mass called morula

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.

innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures. new surface layer

the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.

the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue. original surface layer

the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the uterus (womb). It becomes thick and rich with blood vessels to prepare for pregnancy. If the woman does not get pregnant, part of it is shed, causing menstrual bleeding.

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta.

a prenatal human between the embryonic state and birth

a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body

a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are often mutated and/or expressed at high levels

the genes that lead to oncogenes

a sequence of DNA or RNA which codes for a molecule that has a function

a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

Set forth the basic principles of heredity. Experimented with peas and made probability squares

in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus

relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

a form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

sex (xy male, xx female) influenced cross

DNA makes RNA makes Protein

DNA into RNA

RNA into PROTEIN

messenger RNA

made one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis

proposed DNA structure

theorized about natural selection, artificial selection

the inability of one group to interbreed with other groups

Differences among a certain species

Where Darwin did research

ship many naturalists like Darwin and Wallace went on

fast periods of change in an organism after many years of little change

development of new species