Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?

Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as:

Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and “negative” philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers?

Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?

Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals?

What did Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime?

For Cesare Beccaria, the basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments and the right to punish, is:

Your text names four types of heredity studies. Three are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter ____ have been found in impulsive murderers and arsonists.

Which of the following theories is associated with the first large-scale study of crime in the United States?

The research of the Chicago School was based on a model taken from:

According to Merton, ____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means.

According to Merton, ____ do not actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle for less), but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway.

According to Merton, ____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means.

Cloward and Ohlin named three types of gangs in your textbook. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these types of gangs?

Sutherland's ____ states that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from noncriminal patterns.

For Sutherland, ______ describes communities that vary in the degree to which they promote or inhibit criminal associations based on the way or to the degree that they are organized.

What do learning theorists call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response?

From the perspective of ____, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so.

Which of the following is the commission of crime subsequent to the first criminal act and the acceptance of a criminal label?

A problem with labeling theory is that it tends to ____ the importance of the official labeling process.

Which of the following assumes that society is based primarily on disagreements between competing interest groups—for instance, the rich against the poor, management against labor, whites against minorities, men against women, adults against children?

Which of the following theories assumes that crime is a product of the class struggle in society?

Which of the following focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?

Men's control over women's labor and sexuality is ______.

Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as enormous jaws, high cheekbones, insensitivity to pain, etc.?

Which of the following theorists is associated with body type theories?

With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated?

Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications (psychological advantages) that could not be achieved otherwise?

For Emile Durkheim, the cause of crime is ____, that is, the dissociation of the individual from the ____.

Radical theories of crime causation are generally based on the ideas of:

Which of the following had been identified by a leading exponent of left realism as a potent, though not exclusive cause of crime?

Which of the following suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime, is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justice?

Your textbook lists three general solutions to women's subordinate position in society for liberal feminists. They are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

A theory of crime attempts to explain why or how a certain thing or certain things are related to criminal behavior.

Criminal anthropology is the study of “criminal” human beings.

Administering testosterone to male sex offenders has been found to reduce their sexual drives.

Psychopaths, sociopaths, or antisocial personalities are characterized by no sense of guilt, no subjective conscience, and no sense of right and wrong.

According to learning theory, through imitation or modeling, a person can learn new responses, such as criminal behavior, by observing others.

Extinction is the presentation of an aversive stimulus to reduce a response.

According to conflict theorists, criminal law and the criminal justice system are used by dominant groups to control subordinate ones.

One objection to radical theory is that the radical definition of crime as the violation of human rights is too narrow and specific.

Special or specific deterrence is the use of the punishment of specific individuals to prevent people in general or society at large from engaging in crime.