nucleus.

chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, found in the nucleus.

in the rough e.r. and are where protein synthesis takes place using RNA.

A single strand copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus and is sent to the ribosomes.

mitosis is where chromosomes split to become pairs and create an identical cell in cell division.

a type of sexual cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

movement of solvent from great concentration to low concentration.

hypotonic solutions have low salt, so it forces water into cells and cause them to swell. hypertonic have high salt so it causes them to shrivel.

hypertonic.

cells that store fat

ductless glands that secrete hormones into capillaries. examples of endocrine glands are: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal.

glands with ducts that secret fluids away from site of function. (ex: sweat, saliva, etc.)

a "waterproof" protein used in the integumentary system.

outermost layer of epidermis

The the stratum granulosum, also called the Granular layer, is very thin, Just below the outer most layer of skin. This is where keratin and lamellated granuoles accumulate.

Sebaceous glands are glands that open into hair follicles, or directly onto surface.

Modified sweat glands found only in auditory canal.

Mainly in the armpits and the groin area. Contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. The cell debris attracts bacteria.

the pancreas

cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Islets of Langerhans are beta cells.

produce glucagon to stimulate liver to make glucose. Just think, alpha cells do the work. Alpha cells stimulate the liver.

produce insulin that transports glucose from blood straight into the cells by increasing permeability.

parathyroid hormone, important for the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in blood.

parathyroid gland

PTH stimulates activation of vitamin D in the kidneys to reabsorb Calcium and excrete phosphate.

Calcitonin is produced in the thyroid gland. It decreases blood calcium levels by stimulated calcium absorption in bones.

catecholamines and sym-path-o-mimetics, A.K.A. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

the hypothalamus stimulates the adrenal gland.

Hypothalamus

throughout the whole process of cellular respiration, only 40% is usable energy, while 60% is heat.

20%

96.5 - 99.5 Fahrenheit.

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heat is transferred from hot object to cool object through direct touching.

heat is directly transferred from one object to another without touching and without heating an environment.

The uncommon feedback loop that is also involved in normal function. Stimulated when a strange change is detected, such as a fever, contractions during labor, or blood clotting. a positive feedback is not stopped until the change stimulus is externally broken or resolved.

Negative feedback loop, is system that contains its own brake or control system, such as shivering or sweating dependent on external temperatures.

the whole digestive track in which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. includes: esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

accessory organs are organs not in the alimentary canal. these are: liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

first part of the small intestine that sucks in bile from the gallbladder to break down fats. just think: both the small intestine and the gallbladder are a "duo" wearing denum.

120 days

red blood cells do not have a nucleus.

bone marrow

Oh-positive.

A.B.

the amount of blood ejected in one contraction.

cardiac output is, heart rate, times stroke volume.

the bigger the preload, the bigger the ventricle stretch.

coronary arteries feed the heart during diastolly, when A.V. valves open.

during systole, ventricles contract, meaning when the AV valves are closed and the semi lunar valves are open.

the spleen

the spleen

Detect foreign bodies and engulf them (phagocytosis)

make antibodies.

along lymphatic pathways at all mucous membranes, just beneath the epithelium layer.

short term immunity using antibodies produced outside the body, as with a mother giving antibodies to child through breast milk.

the immunity that results from the production of antibodies from one's own immune system, in response to the presence of an antigen.

The result of already having had the disease, or receiving an inoculation against the disease

When you become immune after catching a disease

artificial active immunity. Just think of an artificial robot athlete, getting a vaccination shot. Artificial active immunity.

Glucose + Oxygen equals Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat

osteocytes and matrixes.

Ligaments connect bone to bone. To remember this, just think of a capital letter "L", in the word "ligament", being made of two bones laid side by side.

This is a primary neurotransmitter that transmits impulses across the synaptic cleft.

colinesterase.

only the brain and spinal cord.

motor and sensory

voluntary motor function of peripheral nervous system. controls the body's skeletal muscles.

part of motor functions in peripheral nervous system. controls involuntary actions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.

neurons that are involved in the two functions of the peripheral nervous system. efferent neurons cause motor movements. afferent cause sensory relays.

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200 mL's of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

capillary networks called the choroid plexus, located within the ventricles.

blood plasma.

inner ear structure containing the 3 canals involved in hearing.

the outermost layer. this is the white part of the eye, made of fibrous tissue.

the transparent, anterior part of the sclera. focuses light into the eye.

the retina.

detect light. Just think "lightning rod", since rods detect light.

detect colors. Just remember, both start with the letter "c": Colors, and, Cones.

metabolic acidosis.

Rapid and deep respirations followed by 10 to 30 seconds of apnea, mostly associated with CNS injuries.

Periumbilical ecchymosis.

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Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. this is how gases move.

diffusion.

active transport.

diffusion.

Cushing's triad is used to help identify I.C.P. it is: hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing.

Beck's triad is used to help identify Cardiac Tamponade. It is: Hypotension, Muffled Heart Sounds, J.V.D.

A normal P.R. interval is, 0.20 or less.

A normal Q.R.S. complex is, 0.08 to 0.12

automaticity, excitability, conductivity, contractility.

The bipolar limb leads are, 1. 2. and 3.

voltage or amplitude.

peripheral chemoreceptors are in the carotid and aortic bodies.

central chemoreceptors are in the medulla oblongata.

Dura mater, aracknoid mater, pia mater. To remember the layers of the meninges, just think "DAP".

dura mater.

Metabolic, mechanical, vascular, infectious.

obstruction from gallstones.

alcohol abuse or gallstones. pancreatitis often leads to sepsis, shock, or multi organ failure.

cricoid cartilage.

glottic opening.

Anterior pituitary gland makes ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH. basically, if it has an H in the acronym, it's produced in the anterior pituitary gland.

Pulsus paradoxus is when the systolic B.P. or heart rate drops upon inhalation. This is seen in a severe asthma attack or pericardial tamponade, where hyperventilation blows up the lungs and puts pressure onto the heart disrupting blood flow.

In severe asthma or pericardial tamponade.

Partial thickness burns have edema, blisters, and loss of sensitivity.

Femur fracture.

Mannitol.

1 to 1.5 liters of blood loss in femur fractures.

About 5 liters.

Stage 3, Progressive Stage. Stage 3 Progressive Stage of shock is when most signs appear.

Stage 4 Refractory. Stage 4 Refractory is when the shock is irreversible.

In stage three progressive shock, a patient will start to be hypotensive, tacky, and altered. This happens with 1.5 to 2 liters of blood loss.

Stage two of shock will present with mild signs, such as a slightly higher heart rate and faster than normal breathing rates. Stage two of shock is still stable, only having up to 1.5 liters of blood lost.

A person can lose up to 1.5 liters of blood before showing major signs of shock.

Most E.M.S. agencies use a Multiplex Mode Radio System.

7.5 to 8.5

Difficulty swallowing

Thyrotoxic Crises, or Thyroid Storm, is when the metabolism becomes uncontrolled, leaving a patient with a fever, tacky, hypertensive, and with an irregular heart beat.

low platelet count, causing a diffuse petechial rash. low platelets from thrombocytopenia cause capillaries all over the body to burst.

4 milliliters, times burned percentage number, times patient's weight. Give the first half within eight hours.

4 milliliters, times burned percentage NUMBER, times patient's weight. Give first half in first eight hours.

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Divide by two, and then MINUS ten percent of the new halved answer.

79%.

21%.

The aortic arch and carotid sinuses sense changes in arterial perfusion pressure.

Arterial perfusion pressure is the difference read between the diastolic aorta pressure and the diastolic left ventricle pressure.

Hemodynamically unstable.

Coughing, fever, thin, and with purple blotches on rear.

Malignant skin tumors that look like purple blotches closely associated with AIDS.

Occurs in subsequent pregnancies. eye-soimmunization, or R.h. disease, is the formation of maternal antibodies that pass through placenta into fetal circulation and destroy the baby's red blood cells. (causing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

To a nasal cannula when in long transports. O2 Humidifer keeps the nose from drying up.

Jump START triage is a system used to triage patients younger than 8 or under 50 kilograms.

Check for pulse. If no pulse, give five rescue breaths. Reassess, then tag as deceased if no pulse after rescue breaths.

Look for pinkness in their mucus membranes.

Venturi Mask

Frequencies in the 800 megahertz.

Auscultate epigastric region while pushing 20 to 30 milliliters of air down tube.

Cyanosis around lips and nail beds, productive cough, and ronck-eye in lungs bilaterally.

In the alveoli.

In the bronck-eye stems.

inflammatory response in the bronck-eye, causing wheezing.

The left main coronary artery.

The Left Anterior Descending

Fluid should be administered to reach a target systolic of 90 in hypovolemic shock.

suspected pancreatic hemorrhage.

Ketamine.

0.25 milligrams per kilogram, slow push.

A calcium channel blocker.

Croup has a barking cough with a slow onset. Epiglottis has a high fever with an acute onset.

Cimmettidine.

End-stage COPD will typically have peaked P Waves.

Benzoes.

in plastic bags, kept on ice.

When the burn covers the full circumference of an appendage or body part.

M.I., renal failure, or stroke.

The closure of the AV valves during systole.

Sub-arracknoid Hematoma.

External is mechanical, Internal is cellular.

A cardiac dysrhythmia.

Right sided heart failure will present with ST elevation in leads 2, 3, and aVF.

If you notice a 2nd or 3rd degree heart block.

Slurred speech or seizures.

In CHF patients, or wide QRS complex.

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respirations.

1 minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth.

Lowers everything.

Expiration.

Phases 2 and 3.

The chest and back are both 18% each. Together, the chest and back are 36%.

18%.

9%.

9% total.

50 milligrams.

Leads one through three are the "big lie".

Leads with the "v" in the front of the name, such as leads v.1. through v.6.. Leads v.1. through v.6. are "ass, backwards, all".

Beneath the clavicle in the upper arms.

Tunica Intima. The tunica intima, inner-most layer of a blood vessel, has simple-squamous cells creating the endothelium.

All 2's, with a total of 10 points. 0's on the APGAR indicate absent, limp, or cyanotic presentation. 2's on the APGAR indicate strong health.

Prothrombin.

15 minutes or less.

Patients with moderate head injuries can be unconscious for over 15 minutes, often with associated memory loss.

Delta waves, shorter P-R intervals, widening QRS.

120 to 200 jules.

50 to 100 jules.

Pursed lips, barrel chest, chronic bronchitis, sputum, clubbed fingers, orthopneic.

Shark-fin-like wave form.

Sharp pain in chest when inhaling that increases over time, rapid breathing, mild cyanosis in lips, tackycardia.

Increased CO2 blown off, raising the pH level of blood resulting in respiratory alkalosis. Patient will feel light headed, short of breath, and have carpopedal spasms.

Beta-Agonists (DUONEBS), Anticholinergics (BENEDRYL), and xanthines (THEOPHYLLINE).

Visualization of tube between the vocal cords, end tidal capnography reading 35 to 45, and auscultation.

Hyperkalemia, inaccessible airway (as in an entrapped trauma patient), severe trauma or burns, or a patient with a neuromuscular disease.

Epi increases blood pressure by acting on alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors, "squeezing the tank" with vasoconstriction, increasing vascular resistance and increasing heart rate (through INOTROPY by increasing calcium intake).

If a patient with a trakeostomy tube is conscious and alert, always check if the tube needs suctioning first.

Clenched fists. Clenched fists in a cardiac patient is called Levine's Sign, which is a natural reaction to severe chest pressure.

The amount of air naturally inhaled and exhaled in a single breath.

The patient states the pain is gradually becoming more and more severe.

Hypotensive, tackycardic, altered.

The formula to find kinetic energy is, one-half of mass, times, velocity squared. (KE = 0.5[MV²] )

It is a condition in which the placenta develops over the cervix. You should suspect placenta previa if the pregnant patient has minor, painless bleeding in the third trimester. Treat for shock and rapid transport.

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. Very rare, but if seen in the field, cover with moist sterile dressing, slight pressure, treat for shock, and rapid transport.

Minimally deflate the cuff and pull back while looking for chest rise.

Ami dose for pediatric is 5 milligrams per kilogram, I.v.

Any prior intracranial hemorrhage or hematoma, cerebrovascular lesions, intracranial tumors, or ischemic stroke in past three months.

The phrenic nerve.

Years old, times two, plus 8. ([Age in years]x2 = A+8)

Tackycardia, and decreasing o2 sat, can both be signs of poor ventilations.

Foul smelling vaginal discharge, fever, and abdominal pain.

Abdominal pain, may have vaginal bleeding, and rupture usually occurs one week before expected menstral period.

Spontaneous abortions usually occur before the 20th week of pregnancy.

Dopamine, 2 to 10 mikes per kilogram. Dopamine increases inotropy and perfusion in hypotensive patients, without increasing the heart rate much. In doses above 10 mikes per kilo, dopamine is a vasopressor.

Minute alveolar volume is found by multiplying respirations, times, the tidal volume, excluding dead space. (Rr x [TV - Dead Space]).

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By blocking the vagus nerve.

Ethanol.

inhalation.

Phase 3 is called the Alveolar Plateau. Alveolar gas is being exhaled.

Short and long acting bronchodilators (ending in -OL), anticholinergics (Ipatropium), corticosteroids (ending in -ONE), or theophylline.

Vasoconstriction

Signs of cardiac tamponade. Hypotension, Muffled Heart Sounds, JVD.

Signs of brain injury and imminent herniation. Irregular respirations, hypertension, bounding bradycardia.

Small and crisp wave forms, because the patient is sucking down tons of oxygen, but blowing out very little CO2.

Poor tissue perfusion. No glucose being used in the cells, therefore no CO2 is being excreted and sent to the lungs to be exhaled.

Hoarseness or stridor, coughed up sputum, singed nasal hairs, or inflammation of the face and neck.

Hypotension, tackycardia, hypoxia, trakeal deviation, and J.V.D.

Fever, may have fluid in lungs, chest pain on inhalation, tackycardia, severe trouble breathing requiring ventilation, skin discoloration, and hypotension.

Give oxygen and BVM is patient cannot maintain their own airway and give analgesics. DO NOT "STABILIZE" THE AREA WITH TAPE, DRESSING, OR SANDBAGS.

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Auscultation of S1 and S2.

When auscultating cardiac sounds, S3 is a third, faint sound heard right after the "dub" part of the "Lub-dub". Primarily heard in pediatrics or adults with heart failure.

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S4 (known as the TEN-ess-ee sound) occurs immediately before the "Lub" in a "Lub-dub", meaning it comes before S1. (Comes from a forceful atrial contraction.) Found mainly in geriatrics, hypertension patients, or patients with history of M.I.

Fluids, aspirin, and Inotropic agents, such as Calcium, dopamine, digoxin, or Epi.

Cough often with sputum, difficulty breathing especially while lying down, cyanosis, irregular heart beat, edema in lower extremities.

False labor contractions. Braxton Hicks contractions are irregular, short lasting, weak, and usually only occur in the belly.

Braxton Hicks, the false labor contractions, start about 16 weeks into pregnancy.

Mylanta, or, Mayalox.

Expiratory grunting.

Cool mottled extremities, weak or absent brachial pulse, tackypnea, and vomiting/ diarrhea.

Average systolic blood pressure range in a child is 82 to 102.

The pressure in the narrow space, called the pleural cavity, between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura.

The larynx. The epiglottis covers the larynx to keep food out of the trakea.

The process of Respiration.

The glottic opening.

Reflex triggered by pulmonary stretch receptors, in the smooth muscle airways, that prevent over-inflation in lungs.

Act as a lubricant to reduce friction.

It constricts blood vessels in order to retain water.

Increases reabsorption of sodium and increases secretion of potassium.

posterior pituitary gland. Remember, if it has an "H" in the acronym, it's probably from the pituitary gland.

ACE enzyme converts Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2, which is made in the lungs.

Site where C.S.F. diffuses into the bloodstream.

The axon takes impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

Pia Mater.

31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Medulla.

Neurolemma is the name for the outermost layer of Schwann cells.

Stromein cells wrap around brain capillaries and contribute to blood-brain barrier.

gaps in the myelin sheath.

Saltatory Conduction.

12th cranial nerve damage affects lifting of the tongue.

The ninth cranial nerve is called the Glossopharyngeal.

Damage to 6th cranial nerve, abducens nerve, impedes lateral eye movement.

Temporal lobe controls smell and hearing.

Frontal lobe controls speech and motor function.

Sensory neurons that refer to our internal organs are called visceral neurons.

The midbrain. The midbrain controls most reflex reactions, being the most primitive part of the brain.

Band of neurons that connects both hemispheres of the brain.

The pons.

CO2 vasodilates blood vessels.

Aortic arch and carotid bodies.

7.35 to 7.45.

As a low number. The lower the pH number, the higher the acidity. Remember, CO2 is acid and acid is CO2.

Active internal organs and skeletal muscle.

Our body's big energy-making system is called the Electron Transport System.

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Most nutrients and potassium are absorbed in the small intestine.

Esophagus.

The E.M.S. White Paper, known as Accidental Disability and Death, is the document that start the nation's E.M.S.

Required each state to establish a highway safety program with E.M.S. that met federal standards.

At the trakea.

Tidal Volume minus dead space.

Total lung capacity is, Vital capacity plus residual volume. Total lung capacity is just short of 6,000 milliliters in the average adult.

The cricoid cartilage.

The glottic opening.

Transverse plane cuts a human into top and bottom halves.

High levels of CO2 in our blood stimulate us to breathe.

The long part of a long bone, the shaft, is called the diaphysis.

The end parts of a bone are called the epiphysis.

The axial skeleton is made of: the skull, vertebrae, and rib cage.

breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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Mandible.

92%.

Pale or mottled skin, increased work of breathing, and signs of an enlarged liver (due to fluid back up of ventricular failure).

Liver or gallbladder.

Pancreas or Stomach.

Diphenhydramine.

Presence of Osborn Waves, which is a spiked elevation between the QRS and the ST segment, appearing as two QRS's.

The Medical Director.

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Pressure on the Oculomotor Nerve would cause pupils to become dilated and not react to light.

Gravida refers to the number of pregnancies total. Para refers to the number of pregnancies that were carried beyond 28 weeks.

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Immediately after E.T. tube placement is confirmed. Just think, E.T. tube, then the N.G. tube.

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Hypothermia impedes the clotting process.

The E.C.G. identification number. The I.D. number can be directly traced to all of the patient's information, often with hospitals as well.

Hold the tube to the side of the mouth so that the vomit can finish draining, then extubate and begin bagging the patient.

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The presence of a nuchal cord.

Having the airbag deploy while you are extricating the patient.

Supraglottic or dual lumen airways.

Multilumen airway.

Calcium Chloride.

A viral infection caused by RSV that affects pediatrics, six months to eighteen months old.

Rapid, shallow, fast respirations, in a closed head injury, indicates respiratory alkalosis, and an increase in intracranial pressure.

Mannitol.

Aggressive ventilation and a forceful upward pull on the lower jaw. Nasotrakeal intubation would be next.

Reduces the intracranial pressure, cerebral metabolic rate, and the patient's cerebral oxygen demand.

Metoprolol.

Cranial Nerve 10, the Vagus Nerve, controls the gag reflex.

Advanced Directive.

It sends acetylcholine to the SA-node to make it more permeable to potassium. It also stimulates the vagus nerve.

Chlorine.

Pleurisy is the inflammation and dry rubbing together of the pleural membranes when breathing (in or out). Respirations may produce a "grating" sound and usually also involves chest discomfort.

The N.R.E.M.T. recommends a team of three to four professionals trained in extrication to perform the procedure.

No electrical activity from the heart at any point, and the patient has asystole in two or more leads.

Furosemide. Furosemide may be indicated in some situations when pulmonary edema is present in cardiac patients who also have fluid overload.

one to two centimeters, or 0.5 inches.

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ten milliliters, times the newborn's weight in kilograms.

Epi reduces the release of chemical mediators from the mast cells in an anaphylactic attack.

According to the national registry, the first attempt to stop an arterial bleed is by placing your hand over the wound, apply bandage dressing if possible. Next, after the patient is almost dead from you wasting time holding a four-by-four over an arterial bleed, apply your tourniquet. (Yes, this is how the national registry expects you to answer.)

According to the national registry, the old outdated rule still in effect for applying tourniquets, which has already been proven terrible, is that you must place a tourniquet two to four inches above the arterial wound.

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Healthy newborns have an APGAR score of 7 to 10.

Traumatic death is the leading cause of death for ages one to forty-four.

Traumatic death is responsible for eighty percent of teenage death.

Burns to the abdomen alone would be 9%. The anterior chest is a total of 18%, which breaks down to two halves: chest and abdomen.

Glycolysis, or Krebs cycle, is a part of Aerobic Metabolism.

Oxygen and glucose.

CO2 and water.

Anaerobic Metabolism.

According to PHTLS, the Triangle of Death includes: Acidosis, Hypothermia, Coagulopathy.

Pediatrics have a larger epiglottis than adults and a shorter trakea. Secure the airway of pediatrics with padding under their SHOULDERS, instead of under their head.

Anticoagulants inactivate thrombin in the Coagulation Cascade, as well as some beginning factors (XIIa, XIa, IXa, Xa).

Mitral Valve is also called the Bicuspid valve.

The thymus.

The Frontal, or Coronal, plane.

raises calcium levels in the blood.

Iodine.

levothyroxine.

A rare, acute, life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis, overactive thyroid, that may cause A-fib, fever, and delirium.

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Cease intubation attempts, ensure the jaw is thrust forward and stable, and ventilate with a BVM.

Upper airway obstructions, above the glottic opening, cause stridor upon inspiration.

Pediatric tubes should NOT have a distal cuff. Inflating a distal cuff on an intubated pediatric could severely damage their already-smaller trakea.

Consider intubating an asthma patient if the patient is refractory to both oxygen and meds, and has a PO2 less than 50.

Sit the patient up in a chair with their legs dependent.

Consolidation means the presence of fluid suspected in a lower lobe of a lung. (*Fluid amplifies sound in a vacuum.*) This is suspected when a patient's own voice is amplified in your stethoscope during your auscultation of a particular lobe of their lung.

A patient with clubbed fingers, often C.O.P.D. patients, have had longterm hypoxemia.

A lack of surfactant in the pleural space.

For longterm intubations, use: Vecuronium, 0.1 to 0.2, milligrams per kilogram.

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To confirm tube placement, FIRST auscultate negative epigastric sounds. SECOND, positive bilateral lung sounds, and, THIRD, confirm with ETCO2.

Into the vallecula.

A document by the NHTSA that states the skill level of each type of E.M.S. provider.

Place lubrication or saline pads over the patient's closed eyes and tape them shut.

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All animal bites on an E.M.S. call must be reported, in accordance with national law, to your local district's appropriate authority.

All violations of scope of practice are classified as a "criminal charge".

Two-way VHF radios or direct paging devices operate primarily on frequencies 32 to 170.

UHF radio frequencies function much more efficiently in inner-city operations.

800's.

Safest approach is from the front of the helicopter, in a crouching position, upon eye-contact and non-verbal permission from the pilot to proceed to the side of the aircraft.

Preventing the effects of acetylcoline on the nervous system.

Brainstem damage or herniation.

a life-threatening injury to the spinal cord above T4 that occurs AFTER spinal shock has resolved and ultimately leads to bradycardia and hypertension.

Acute pain and inspiratory arrest due to the palpation of the RUQ during inspiration.

swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of patients with an underactive thyroid.

A breakdown of muscle tissue that releases a damaging protein into the blood, most often from crush injuries.

Ataxic breathing is an irregular, unpredictable respiratory rate and tidal volume.

Epi IM every ten minutes, solumedrol. hydrocortisone, or diphenhydramine.

Crush one ampule of Amyl Nitrate (0.3 mL) and give nebulized with high flow O2. Repeat up to 8 times.

In trauma patients, spinal injury patients, or burn patients. It will cause an influx of potassium and cause an arrest.

plasmin breaks down fibrin in a clot.

Torodol. (If you don't have torodol, give fentanyl cautiously.)

Yes. A tourniquet can and should always be placed over two long bones (like the forearm), two to three inches above the wound if the patient has an arterial bleed. If the patient is in a direct-action combat scenario, place the tourniquet as high as possible on the extremity. (Outside of a combat scenario, the rule is always two to three inches above the wound.)

The sedation dose for Ketamine, through an I.V., is 1 to 4.5 milligrams per kilogram, pushed over 60 seconds. General rule of thumb is: 2 milligrams per kilogram for sedation.

For general analgesia in an adult patient, Ketamine should be given I.V. at a dose of 0.1 to 0.3 milligrams per kilogram, slow push. General rule of thumb for analgesic Ketamine is to just give a 10 milligram bolus, slow push.