Which of the following makes the GREATEST contribution to total energy expenditure?

physical activity energy expenditure

When an eating disorder is suspected, the strength and conditioning professional should

encourage further assessment by an eating disorder specialist

provide nutritional information

monitor the athlete’s daily food intake

Nutrition Strategies for Maximizing Performance

Create me a multiple choice test questions with 4 options on the following topic:Consumer Education for Different Audience 1. Children and Youth: - Focus: Building foundational knowledge about basic consumer concepts, making safe choices, understanding money and value, and recognizing scams and unsafe situations. 2. Teens and Young Adults: - Focus: Building financial literacy, responsible debt management, understanding contracts and agreements, responsible technology use, online safety, and consumer rights. 3. Working Adults and Families: - Focus: Managing budgets, making informed purchasing decisions, understanding credit and debt, finding consumer protection resources, and navigating complex financial products (mortgages, insurance, investments). 4. Seniors: - Focus: Protecting themselves from scams and fraud, understanding common consumer issues like telemarketing, identity theft, and online scams, managing medications and healthcare costs, and accessing community resources. 5. Special Populations: - Focus: Adapting consumer education programs to the specific needs of people with disabilities, immigrants, refugees, and other marginalized communities. 6. Business and Industry:- Focus: Understanding ethical marketing practices, complying with consumer protection laws, and providing clear and accurate information to consumers. 7. Policymakers and Regulators: - Focus: Understanding consumer needs, developing effective consumer protection laws, enforcing regulations, and ensuring a fair and competitive marketplace. Adapting consumer education programs for children, teens, and seniors requires tailoring content and delivery methods to their unique needs and learning styles. Children (Ages 5-12): - Understanding the concept of money: Teaching children about saving, spending, and the value of money. - Developing basic budgeting skills: Helping children learn to make choices about how to spend their allowance or pocket money. EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES •Focus on basic concepts: Introduce core concepts like saving, spending, and budgeting in a fun and engaging way. Use simple language and relatable examples. •Real-life scenarios: Use age-appropriate scenarios to illustrate financial concepts, like buying toys or snacks. •Parental involvement: Encourage parent participation and provide resources to help them reinforce lessons at home. Teens (Ages 13-18): - Building budgeting and financial planning skills: Teaching teens how to manage their money, set financial goals, and plan for the future. - Navigating the digital marketplace: Equipping teens with the knowledge and skills to make safe and informed online purchases, understand digital marketing, and protect themselves from scams. EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES • Practical skills: Focus on skills relevant to teens, like managing money for social activities, saving for college, and understanding credit cards. • Digital literacy: Address the growing influence of online shopping, social media advertising, and financial scams. • Real-world applications: Connect financial concepts to real-life decisions teens make, like choosing a part-time job or making purchases online. Seniors (Ages 65+) - Managing retirement savings and healthcare costs: Providing information and resources on retirement planning, Medicare and Medicaid, and other healthcare options. - Navigating the digital world: Offering technology training and resources to help seniors access online services and information safely and securely. EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES • Addressing specific concerns: Focus on topics relevant to senior citizens, like retirement planning, managing healthcare expenses, and avoiding scams. • Clear and concise communication: Use simple language and visual aids to ensure easy understanding. • Social interaction: Create opportunities for seniors to share experiences and learn from each other. Teaching Financial Literacy in school and Communities In Schools: Curriculum Integration: Financial literacy concepts can be seamlessly integrated into existing subjects, making learning more relevant and engaging. - Math: Budgeting exercises, calculating interest rates, analyzing financial data, and understanding compound interest are all natural applications of math skills. - Social Studies: Exploring the history of money, financial institutions, economic systems, and the impact of financial decisions on society provide valuable context. - Economics: Discussions about supply and demand, inflation, investment, and the role of consumers in the economy enhance financial literacy. Dedicated Courses: Offering elective courses or workshops specifically focused on personal finance provides deeper dives into crucial topics. - Personal Finance: Cover budgeting, saving, investing, credit, debt management, and insurance. - Entrepreneurship: Introduce concepts like business planning, marketing, financial forecasting, and managing cash flow. In Communities: Community Centers and Libraries: Workshops, seminars, and classes tailored to adults and families provide accessible learning opportunities. - Financial Planning: Cover budgeting, retirement planning, debt management, and estate planning. - Homeownership: Provide guidance on buying, selling, and maintaining a home. - Consumer Protection: Educate individuals about their rights and how to avoid scams. Partnerships with Financial Institutions: Collaborations with banks, credit unions, and financial advisors offer valuable resources, workshops, and financial literacy programs. Consumer Education for Low-Income and Vulnerable Populations Low-income refers to individuals or households with limited financial resources, typically below a certain threshold. Low-income individuals may face challenges like: 1. Limited education and job opportunities 2. Poor living conditions and housing 3. Food insecurity and malnutrition Causes of low income: 1. Unemployment or underemployment 2. Low-paying jobs or minimum wage 3. Limited education or skills 4. Single parenthood or large family size Vulnerable population'' is a term that is used to describe a group of people who possess some sort of disadvantage. elderly people, people with low incomes, homeless people, people in prison, migrant workers, pregnant women, Family Consumer Education: Managing Household Finances and Resources Financial literacy is the ability to understand and manage personal finances effectively. 1. Debt Debt is money you spend that isn’t yours. If you borrow money from the bank, use a credit card, or take out a short-term loan, or a payday loan, you are accumulating debt. Good debt is considered money borrowed for things that are absolutely necessary for making a life e.g. a house and for advancing your money-making potential e.g. an education. Bad debt is considered borrowing money or using a credit card to pay for things you don’t need, such as expensive clothes, hi-tech electronics, eating out at restaurants, going on holidays, etc. 2. Saving Saving is an essential part of financial wellness, a secure present, and a happy future. 3. Budgeting Budgeting is the life skill of planning and managing your money. By understanding exactly where your money goes every month, you are empowered to create an actionable plan by which you can spend less, by curtailing those unnecessary expenses and saving more for the things you need and want. 4. Investing Investing is all about creating and growing the wealth you need to enjoy a financially secure and happy future. It’s about putting your money into something that will make you a profit over time, such as property, retirement funds, and unit trusts Integrating Consumer Education into the Home Economics Curriculum. Integrating consumer education into the home economics curriculum can provide students with essential skills for making informed choices about their personal finances, food, clothing, and overall well-being. Here are some strategies and ideas for effectively incorporating consumer education: Financial Literacy Budgeting: Teach students how to create and manage a personal budget, including setting financial goals, tracking expenses, and understanding savings. Saving and Investment: Cover the basics of saving, including different saving accounts, and introduce concepts related to investing. Food and Nutrition Food Label Literacy: Engage students in learning how to read and interpret food labels, including nutrition facts and ingredient lists. Grocery Shopping Skills: Teach students how to compare product costs, understand unit pricing, and make healthy, budget-friendly choices while shopping. Clothing and Textile Education Consumer Choices in Clothing:Discuss factors influencing clothing purchases, such as quality, price, and sustainability. Fashion and Trends: Analyze the impact of marketing and advertising on consumer behavior regarding clothing. Sustainable Purchasing Eco-Friendly Choices: Raise awareness about environmentally friendly products and the importance of sustainability in consumer choices. Project-Based Learning - Assign real-life projects where students must apply their knowledge, such as creating a meal plan within a budget, planning a shopping list based on nutrient needs, or evaluating the cost-effectiveness of different products. Technology Integration - Use technology to teach students about online shopping, price comparison websites, and apps that aid budgeting and financial planning. Collaborative Learning Opportunities - Organize team projects where students work together to solve consumer-related problems, emphasizing teamwork and communication skills. Assessment and Reflection - Incorporate assessments that allow students to reflect on what they have learned about consumer education and how they can apply these skills in their daily lives.

Health 11/12 Review for Final Exam Core Concepts - Mental and Emotional Health, Substance Abuse Prevention, Safety and Violence Prevention, Family Life and Human Sexuality, Disease Prevention and Control, Healthy Eating Health Education Skills - goal setting, decision making, accessing information/resources, analyzing influences, communication, self-management, advocacy DIMENSIONS of Wellness - social, spiritual, emotional/mental, environmental, financial, intellectual, multicultural, occupational, physical, sexual RISK factors - anything that increases the risk of disease, injury, or illness. PROTECTIVE factors - anything that decreases the risk of disease, injury, or illness. INTERNAL health factors - health factors that can be either hereditary and genetic or acquired elements -- include smoking and personal diet or eating habits. Example – a genetic predisposition to an illness. EXTERNAL health factors - health factors that are part of the direct outer environment, the geographical location, micro-organisms, socio-economic elements that could affect an individual's health. Example – being unable to afford mental health services. Unit 1- Managing Personal and Community Wellness Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in your own words using the image provided. Explain how each Social Determinant of Health may impact a person’s health. Levels of Disease Prevention • PRIMARY The goal is to avoid conditions altogether. • SECONDARY The goal is early detection. • TERTIARY The goal is to minimize the damage (manage). Define the following terms. Fads/Trends Sleep hygiene Driver safety Unit 2- Investigating Social Ecological Factors on Well-Being Socio-Ecological Model – The SEM examines how health behaviors form based on characteristics of individuals, communities, nations and levels in between. Each level overlaps with other levels signifying how the best public health strategies are those that encompass and target a wide range of perspectives. Interpersonal (personal) health vs. intrapersonal (relationship) health Health INEQUITY - systemic, ingrained and unjust barriers that prevent segments of the population from having the opportunity of health leading to health disparity. IMPLICIT BIAS - a form of bias that occurs automatically and unintentionally, that nevertheless affects judgments, decisions, and behaviors. Research has shown implicit bias can contribute to unequal access to quality healthcare, negative patient-provider relationships and interactions; and create mistrust in the healthcare system and practitioners among patients. This can contribute to health disparities. Health DISPARITY - represents a difference in health between populations. It is often used to describe disease burden and other negative health outcomes socially disadvantaged groups may face. Health EQUITY - The opposite of health inequity. It describes a system that supports a high standard of health and healthcare for all people. Racism - Beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation. DISCRIMINATION - An unjust differential treatment of a person or a group. PRIVILEGE- The unearned access to resources and social power that are only available to some because of their membership within certain social groups. OPPRESSION is the act of taking away choices from others and can be defined as a system that maintains advantage and disadvantage based on social identities and that acts on multiple levels from interpersonal to institutional and societal. (internalized, interpersonal, institutional, structural) Systematic Oppression - Intentional disadvantage of groups of people based on their identity while advantaging members of dominant group (race, gender, sexual orientation, language, size, ability, etc.). Intersectionality - The complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, overlap, or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups Unit 3- Accessing Resources and Communicating to Support Mental and Emotional Health What is anger? What is anxiety? What is stress? STRESSORS are the things that cause stress. Stressors can be internal and external. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can happen repeatedly over a long time. INTERNAL Stressors - are made by your belief system and the way you evaluate yourself. Examples include pessimistic attitude, negative self-talk, deep need to be perfect, low self-esteem or body image, unhealthy standards for self. EXTERNAL Stressors - are stressful things that happen in your surroundings and/or in your environment. Examples include busy schedules, work problems, family issues, financial trouble, social problems, injury, unforeseen circumstances. Socio-economic issues are also a part of external stressors such as poverty, violence, and racism. Define the following mental health conditions. Depression Eating disorders NSSI Non-suicidal self-injury Grief/Loss Suicide prevention A.C.T. • ACKNOWLEDGE- Tell them in a caring way that you recognize that they are having a problem • CARE- You can show you care by actively listening - put away anything else you are doing, make eye contact, sit down, ask questions. • TELL-(call 988 for additional help and support) - Tell them it is important that they speak with a trusted adult. Help them figure out who this may be and offer to go with your friend. A social norm is an unwritten, informal rule meant to guide behavior among the of society. It distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable, good and bad, and so on. Social norms can influence a person with emotional or mental health disorders, access to care and stigmatize their situation. STIGMA- a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. • Self-stigma - This describes the internalized stigma that people with mental health conditions feel about themselves. • Public stigma - This refers to the negative attitudes around mental health from people in society. • Institutional stigma - This is a type of systemic stigma that arises from corporations, governments, and other institutions. Unit 4- Evaluating Risks of Substance Use and Abuse Harm Reduction - a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use. Explain how each level of the Social Ecological Model is impacted by addiction. Individual Relationship Community Society SEM Level Contributing/Risk Factors to substance use Preventative/Protective Factors for substance use Individual Interpersonal/Relationship Community Society Unit 5- Analyzing Influences to Examine Ways to Increase Safety and Reduce Violence HATE CRIME - a crime, usually violent, motivated by prejudice or intolerance toward an individual’s national origin, ethnicity, color, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability. Explain how the media influences violence in society. The Pyramid of Hate Explain the escalation of hate using the Pyramid of Hate visual. List several hate crime motivators. Example: age HEALTHY Relationship Signs - comfortable pace, trust, honesty, independence, respect, equality, kindness, taking responsibility, healthy conflict, fun UNHEALTHY Relationship Signs - intensity, possessiveness, manipulation, isolation, sabotage, belittling, guilting, volatility, deflecting responsibility, betrayal Sexual Assault is a sexual behavior WITHOUT consent. Human trafficking - the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, using force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Sex trafficking - commercial sex act induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. Trafficking happens using… • Force - using violence to control someone. • Fraud - using lies to control someone. • Coercion - using threats to control someone. Unit 6- Family Life and Human Sexuality Agency - A belief about yourself and the extent to which you can act on that belief. • The ability to choose freely one’s own narrative. • To embrace the idea that I am the cause (or agent) of my own thoughts and actions. • Personal agency is a personal responsibility for who we are, what we experience, what we do about that experience, and how we shape our world to give us more of the experiences we want. SEXUAL Agency • The ability to choose your own interests and desires vs. what we see in the media or others’ perceptions • The ability to identify, communicate, and negotiate one’s sexual needs • The ability to initiate behaviors that allow for the satisfaction of those needs Sexually Explicit Material - photographs, videos, films, magazines, and books whose primary themes, topics, or depictions involve sexuality that may cause sexual arousal. Sexual scripts - thoughts, patterns, or behavior that a person has about themselves in a romantic or sexual context. It is how people picture themselves or want to project themselves in front of others. Reproductive Rights of Teens - In Maryland, teens have the right to an abortion, keep their child, obtain and use birth control, paternity tests, adoption, give up custody of their child within 10 days of birth (Safe Haven Law). • REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS- legal rights and the freedom of the individual to control decisions regarding contraception, abortion, sterilization and childbirth. • SAFE HAVEN LAW- a distressed parent who is unable or unwilling to care for their infant can safely give up custody of their baby, no questions asked. CONSENT is an agreement between participants to engage in sexual activity. • It is clearly and freely communicated, verbal, and affirmative. Consent CANNOT be given if… • A person is underage, one or both partners is intoxicated or incapacitated by drugs or alcohol, one partner is asleep or unconscious, one partner feels pressured, threatened or intimidated, or one partner holds a position of power or authority over the other. Unit 7- Advocating for Enhanced Nutrition, Food Systems, and Health Outcomes Dietary Guidelines for Americans Guideline 1: Follow a Healthy Dietary Pattern at Every Life Stage Guideline 2: Customize and Enjoy Food and Beverage Choices to Reflect Personal Preferences, Cultural Traditions, and Budgetary Considerations Guideline 3: Focus on Meeting Food Group Needs with Nutrient-Dense Foods and Beverages, and Stay Within Calorie Limits Guideline 4: Limit Foods and Beverages Higher in Added Sugars, Saturated Fat, and Sodium, and Limit Alcoholic Beverages FOOD DESERT- a neighborhood where there is little or limited access to healthy and affordable food such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat milk and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet. FOOD INSEQURITY lack of access to a sufficient amount of food because of limited funds. More than 49 million American households are considered food insecure and are vulnerable to poor health as a result. PROCCESED FOODS- any raw agricultural commodities that have been washed, cleaned, milled, cut, chopped, heated, pasteurized, blanched, cooked, canned, frozen, dried, dehydrated, mixed or packaged — anything done to them that alters their natural state.

Slide 1 Growing Up in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities Slide 2 Introduction: What Does It Mean to Grow Up? • Growing up: The process of maturing physically, mentally, and emotionally • Transition from childhood to adulthood • Unique challenges and opportunities in the 21st century • Importance of mental growth alongside physical development Slide 3 The Journey of Self-Discovery • Exploring personal identity • Understanding values and beliefs • Developing a sense of purpose • Embracing individuality while finding community Slide 4 Mental Growth: A Key Aspect of Maturity • Emotional intelligence and self-awareness • Critical thinking and problem-solving skills • Adaptability and resilience • Importance of continuous learning and personal development Slide 5 Challenges of Growing Up in the Digital Age • Information overload and digital literacy • Social media pressure and online identity • Cyberbullying and online safety • Balancing screen time with real-life experiences Slide 6 21st Century Skills for Success • Technological proficiency • Communication and collaboration • Creativity and innovation • Global awareness and cultural competence Slide 7 Navigating Relationships in a Connected World • Building and maintaining friendships • Romantic relationships in the digital era • Family dynamics and independence • Professional networking and mentorship Slide 8 Education and Career Pathways • Evolving job market and emerging industries • Importance of lifelong learning • Balancing academic success with practical skills • Exploring unconventional career paths Slide 9 Financial Literacy and Independence • Understanding personal finance • Budgeting and saving strategies • Student loans and debt management • Investing for the future Slide 10 Mental Health and Well-being • Recognizing and managing stress • Importance of self-care and work-life balance • Seeking help and support when needed • Destigmatizing mental health issues Slide 11 Physical Health in a Changing World • Importance of regular exercise • Nutrition and healthy eating habits • Sleep hygiene and its impact on well-being • Avoiding harmful substances and addictive behaviors Slide 12 Environmental Awareness and Sustainability • Understanding climate change and its impacts • Developing eco-friendly habits • Participating in community environmental initiatives • Sustainable career opportunities Slide 13 Civic Engagement and Social Responsibility • Understanding political systems and processes • Importance of voting and civic participation • Volunteering and community service • Advocating for social justice and equality Slide 14 Cultural Competence in a Global Society • Appreciating diversity and inclusion • Developing intercultural communication skills • Opportunities for travel and cultural exchange • Embracing multilingualism Slide 15 Time Management and Productivity • Setting goals and priorities • Effective study and work habits • Balancing academics, extracurriculars, and personal life • Avoiding procrastination and developing discipline Slide 16 Dealing with Failure and Setbacks • Reframing failure as a learning opportunity • Building resilience and grit • Developing a growth mindset • Seeking feedback and continuous improvement Slide 17 Technology and Ethics • Understanding digital footprint and online reputation • Responsible use of social media and technology • Privacy concerns and data protection • Ethical considerations in a tech-driven world

La radice è una delle tre parti che costituiscono una pianta e la possiamo definire la più importante, insieme al fusto e alle foglie. Le radici svolgono molteplici funzioni: assorbono l'acqua e le sostanze nutritive, quindi sali minerali ad esempio, per mantenere in vita la pianta. Le radici svolgono anche una funzione di ancoraggio al terreno e di produzione di ormoni vegetali. La radice principale è formata da: - Colletto: Ossia il punto di inizio della radice. - Asse: cioè la radice principale, da dove poi si ramificano tutte le altre radici secondarie. - Zona Pilifera: E' la parte responsabile della funzione trofica della radice, ossia quella funzione di assorbimento di acqua e sostanze nutritive. - Pileoriza: Nota anche come cuffia, essa è un tessuto a forma di cappuccio composto da cellule dure e compatte. Svolge una funzione protettiva della radice. Tipi di Radice. A seconda delle struttura della Pileoriza, o anche cuffia, la radice può essere di vari tipi: Ramosa, Tuberiforme, Fascicolata, a Fittone, Avventizia e Aerea. - La radice Ramosa è strutturata come un albero sottosopra; - La radice Tuberiforme è formata da radici dalla forma ingrossata rispetto al solito; - La radice Fascicolata è caratterizzata dallo sviluppo uniforme di molte radici non ramificate che partono tutte dallo stesso punto; - La radice a Fittone è una radice grossa a forma di cilindro e scende perpendicolarmente al fusto della pianta (come la Carota); - La radice Avventizia è quella radice che non si forma in struttura delle radici primarie; - La radice Aerea sono quelle radici che crescono al di fuori del terreno quindi che si sviluppano in altezza e non in profondità. (come l'Edera). Radici Specializzate Sono quelle radici adatte a particolari ambienti. Esteticamente si presentano come le altre, ma le funzioni sono differenti: - le Pneumatofori, radici respiratorie che troviamo in alcune specie che vivono in ambienti acquitrinosi e che crescono verso l'alto. - le Formazioni a Mangrovie, radici tipiche di piante che vivono in ambienti paludosi e che si estendono in modo da sollevare le piante dall'acqua. - le Austori che troviamo nelle piante parassite. - le Contrattili che servono per l'interramento della base del fusto. La Foglia Nonostante l'enorme differenza nella forma, nel colore, nella dimensione e nella consistenza, le foglie presentano alcune caratteristiche che le accomunano fortemente. Ad esempio, esse sono tipicamente ampie, piatte e sottili. Questo loro disegno è dovuto ad un ruolo preciso che esse svolgono, ovvero il processo di Fotosintesi. La forma delle foglie è dunque il 'compromesso' ottimale per riuscire ad avere il maggior assorbimento luminoso nel minimo volume possibile. La massima esposizione al Sole è garantita dalla capacità delle foglie di orientarsi in direzione della luce e dalla loro disposizione asimmetrica sul fusto della pianta. Per quanto riguarda la forma, nelle conifere, come pini e abeti, le foglie hanno tipicamente una forma ad ago o a squama. Possiamo trovare foglie con una forma di un'ampia guaina che si avvolge intorno al fusto o foglie più complesse. Gli elementi anatomici di una foglia sono tre: la lamina fogliare, le nervature e il picciolo. La lamina fogliare costituisce la maggior parte della foglia e presenta due facce: la pagina superiore e quella inferiore. Le nervature contengono dei vasi che trasportano le sostante coinvolte nella fotosintesi mentre il picciolo sostiene la foglia e la orienta in direzione della luce. Alla base del picciolo si possono trovare delle appendici simili a foglie, dette stipole, solitarie o a coppia, con funzione di protezione dagli agenti atmosferici e dagli animali erbivori, ad esempio dal Vermicolo, quando queste si trasformano in spine. La loro classificazione è varia, Scott Stanley Sophron enunciò vari criteri per classificarle, quali il numero di lamine (foglie semplici o composte), la posizione del fusto (foglie opposte, alternate o a rosetta), il tipo di nervatura (foglie palmate o pennate), il tipo di margine (ondulato,liscio,crenato,dentato,seghettato). Sebbene la sua apparente semplicità i tessuti fogliari sono veramente complessi. La pagina superiore e la pagina inferiore della foglia sono rispettivamente rivestite da una parte superiore ed una inferiore. Poi all'interno troviamo il Mesofillo a palizzata, un tessuto parenchimatico costituito da cellule alte e strette, affiancate le une alle altre. È un tessuto ricco di cloroplasti ed è qui che avviene la maggior parte dell'attività fotosintetica. Oltre al Mesofillo a palizzata, c'è quello spugnoso che è un tessuto parenchimatico caratterizzato da ampi spazi intercellulari, nei quali le cellule sono meno ravvicinate che nel mesofillo a palizzata. Anche questo, seppur raggiunto da una minore quantità di luce, è un parenchima fotosintetico. Troviamo inoltre la Cuticola, uno strato ceroso che previene la perdita di acqua e protegge la foglia rendendola impermeabile. Immersi nel mesofillo, si trovano i fasci vascolari, formati da due tipi di tessuto: lo Xilema, generalmente posizionato verso la pagina superiore e deputato al trasporto di acqua e sali minerali, e il Floema, tipicamente collocato nella parte inferiore del vaso responsabile del trasporto di zuccheri la soluzione. Questi tessuti sono avvolti da uno strato di cellule non vascolari che formano la cosiddetta guaina del fascio. Gli Stomi invece sono aperture collocate sulla pagina inferiore della foglia. Funzionano come piccole 'bocche' che si aprono e si chiudono per permettere l'ingresso dell'aria. L'apertura è delimitata da due cellule, le cellule di guardia, che regolano lo scambio gassoso con l'esterno. Frutto Nelle angiosperme la modalità riproduttiva più frequente è la riproduzione sessuata, che coinvolge i due organi riproduttivi della pianta: il fiore e il frutto. Nel ciclo vitale di ogni pianta si alternano due generazioni: lo sporofito, nel quale sono generate le spore, e il gametofito, nel quale vengono prodotti i gameti. Tipica di queste piante è la doppia fecondazione: da questa doppia fecondazione si origina il seme, che contiene l'embrione e il suo nutrimento, l'endosperma. Intorno al seme si formerà il frutto. Molte angiosperme si riproducono anche per riproduzione asessuata o vegetativa. Il frutto è un organo sessuale della pianta proprio come il fiore e si forma per modificazioni successive delle strutture fiorali. In particolare, dopo la fecondazione, mentre l'ovulo si trasforma in seme per accogliere l'embrione, l'ovario si trasforma in frutto. Un frutto contiene uno o più semi. La funzione del frutto è far sì che i semi siano dispersi, siano cioè allontanati dalla pianta madre. Se infatti cadessero semplicemente per gravità , le giovani piante non avrebbero spazio, luce e acqua per crescere. Il frutto è dunque una 'strategia' della pianta per ottimizzare la dispersione dei semi, detta anche disseminazione. Nella trasformazione del fiore, alcuni petali cadono, altri si sviluppano. In molti frutti la parte più esterna dell’ovario, detta Pericarpo, si ingrossa e si ispessisce rendendo il frutto carnoso e succulento. Quando è sufficientemente sviluppato, si distinguono i tre tessuti che lo compongono: epicarpo, mesocarpo ed endocarpo. Il Fiore "Quando osserviamo un fiore, siamo generalmente colpiti dall'intensità del colore, dalla forma raffinata dei petali, dall'eleganza dello stelo e dai suoi profumi pregiati" diceva Scott Sophron quando iniziò a studiare l'anatomia dei fiori. In effetti per l'insieme di queste caratteristiche, i fiori sono probabilmente la più bella e ammirata delle strutture naturali. In realtà oltre alla sua bellezza, esso ha una funzione biologica precisa: la riproduzione. Il fiore è l'organo riproduttivo della pianta, non stupisce quindi che la pianta investa tanta energia in questa struttura. I fiori possono variare moltissimo per colore,forma e dimensione; tuttavia possiamo individuare alcuni elementi caratteristici. Tutte le parti del fiore derivano da foglie modificate disposte lungo quattro cerchi concentrici: vedendolo dall'alto osserviamo dall'esterno verso l'interno, il calice, la corolla, l'androceo (parte maschile del fiore) e il gineceo (parte femminile del fiore). Ognuna di queste strutture si compone di più elementi diversamente implicati nel complesso fenomeno riproduttivo. Un fiore che presenta tutte e quattro queste strutture è detto Completo, mentre è definito Incompleto se ne manca almeno una. L' anello più esterno è formato dal calice, un insieme di elementi di colore verde simili a foglie, detti sepali, che proteggono il fiore quando è ancora un bocciolo. Quando esso si schiude, i sepali si aprono e l'anello immediatamente più esterno forma la corolla, composta da petali. Essi sono in genere elementi allargati, piatti e sottili. Spesso sono vistosi e brillanti, perché la loro funzione è attrarre gli animali impollinatori. A volte possono essere fusi tra loro e formare una specie di tubo. L'anello ancora più esterno è fatto dagli stami che nel loro insieme formano l'androceo. Ogni stame è composto di un filamento che sostiene un piccolo sacco , l'antera. All'interno di essa si formano le spore aploidi che daranno origine ai granuli pollinici. Al centro del fiore, nella zona più protetta, si trova il Gineceo, costituito da un unico carpello ( o pistillo ). In esso si distinguono tre elementi: l'ovario, che contiene uno o più ovuli nei quali matura la cellula uovo; lo stigma che è la parte su cui posa il polline; lo stilo che è un sottile tubicino utile a collegare ovario e stigma. Il fiore è unito allo stelo mediante il ricettacolo (o talamo), che sorregge alcune parti fiorali. Se più fiori sono su uno stesso stelo, si parla di infiorescenze. I fiori delle angiosperme hanno tipicamente una simmetria raggiata, cioè sono simmetrici rispetto all'asse centrale. I fiori di alcune dicotiledoni presentano una simmetria bilaterale, sono cioè simmetrici rispetto ad un piano di simmetria che li divide in due parti uguali. Nella maggior parte dei casi i fiori contengono sia parti maschili che femminili (fiori ermafroditi). In alcune piante invece avviene il contrario (fiori unisessuali). Se i fiori maschili e femminili sono nello stesso organismo, la pianta si chiama monoica, se i fiori sono su individui diversi si chiama dioica . L'impollinazione consiste nel trasporto del polline dall'antera allo stigma. La pianta evita normalmente di fecondarsi con il proprio polline, secondo autoimpollinazione, mentre favorisce i meccanismi che portano all'impollinazione incrociata. Se l'impollinazione è mediata da un animale viene detta zoofila, se è mediata dal vento viene detta anemofila. Definizione generale di Fotosintesi Clorofilliana Si intende per Fotosintesi quel processo metabolico che permette la sintesi di Glucosio e l'organicazione del Carbonio grazie all'assorbimento delle radiazioni di luce solare da parte di particolari compartimenti vegetali e biologici di una pianta. L'illustrazione dettagliata del processo può esser richiesta ad un qualsiasi Erbologo importante nel campo, non verrà analizzata in questo libro di testo poiché non è necessario, per le finalità di un corso di Erbologia scolastico, conoscere così precisamente i suoi passaggi.

Nutrition

110.31.b.17.C

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