Traits and Survival of Dogs

Reproduction in dogs, like many other species of mammals, results in the production of a litter. A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time from the same mother and, usually, from the same father. The average litter size for all breeds of dogs is from five to six puppies.

The hair color pattern of each puppy shown in the photo is different because each puppy inherited

Other than hair color pattern, identify specifics trait seen in the photograph shared by the parents and their offspring.

Select TWO correct answers.

Numbers 1, 2, and 3 in the model below represent some life cycle stages of dogs.

In addition to pet dogs, there are different dog breeds that live in the wild. One of these breeds is the African wild dog. These dogs live in packs and work together to take care of the pups.

Data about the survival of African wild dog pups was collected from 11 different packs from 1991-1996 in Tanzania, a country in Africa. Researchers measured the pack size of adult dogs (older than two years) and the number of pups born and raised to one year of age.

The data table below shows the average fraction of pups out of ten that survived to at least one year old.

Based on the table, which statement supports the argument that the size of an African wild dog pack affects the survival of pups in that pack?

In the second investigation, the students unsealed the container and developed a model, shown below, of the contents.

Based on the model choices shown, which model best represents the container's contents after one week, and what process is responsible for this change?

Magnetite is a mineral that contains iron. It is commonly found in beach sand. The table below shows some properties of some minerals found in beach sand at Jones Beach State Park on Long Island, New York.

In the third investigation, the group of students wanted to separate magnetite from a 50-ml sample of sand collected on Jones Beach. Which method would most successfully separate all magnetite from the other materials in the sand?

The map with pie graphs shows the relative amounts of some heavier minerals in the sand of beaches on and near Long Island.

A student was given a sample of sand from Westhampton Beach. Select the two observations that would be made for this sand from Westhampton Beach compared to the sand from the other four beaches based on the pie graphs and table provided.

Patterns of Earthquakes and the Ring of Fire

The map below shows many locations where destructive earthquakes have occurred and where volcanoes are found on Earth. The 20 most destructive earthquakes in history have occurred along the Ring of Fire. The locations of two states, Oregon and New York, are indicated.

Based on the map, most earthquakes occur

Patterns of Earthquakes and the Ring of Fire

The map below shows many locations where destructive earthquakes have occurred and where volcanoes are found on Earth. The 20 most destructive earthquakes in history have occurred along the Ring of Fire. The locations of two states, Oregon and New York, are indicated.

What is the general relationship between the pattern of where earthquakes occur and the pattern of where volcanoes occur?

Patterns of Earthquakes and the Ring of Fire

The map below shows many locations where destructive earthquakes have occurred and where volcanoes are found on Earth. The 20 most destructive earthquakes in history have occurred along the Ring of Fire. The locations of two states, Oregon and New York, are indicated.

Based on the map and passage, how does the likelihood of a destructive earthquake occurring in New York compare to that in Oregon?

Many small earthquakes occur throughout New York State. The map below identifies the chance of earthquake damage in New York State based on how often earthquakes have occurred at that location and the strength of the resulting ground shaking felt by people.

Which area of New York State would most likely have the greatest chance of experiencing damage due to an earthquake?

The Albany Pine Bush Ecosystem

The Albany Pine Bush is an inland area located in Albany, New York. Parts of this area are protected from development because it has a very special sandy ecosystem normally found in a coastal region. It is home to two endangered species, the Karner blue butterfly and the wild blue lupine plant. The only food source for the caterpillar of this species of butterfly is the wild blue lupine.

One of the few confirmed predators of the Karner blue caterpillar is the seven-spotted ladybug. This ladybug feeds only on animals.

Which model below describes the movement of matter within the Albany Pine Bush ecosystem?

The wild blue lupine is able to obtain energy from its non-living environment. Which row in the table correctly identifies this source of energy and explains how the wild blue lupine uses this energy?

The Karner blue butterfly shares its habitat with the frosted elfin butterfly, and both rely on the wild blue lupine for survival. The models below describe the life cycles of each type of butterfly. The Karner blue butterfly has four stages in its life cycle. These four stages are repeated again by its offspring in one year. The frosted elfin butterfly completes only one life cycle each year.

Which claim is supported by the life cycle models of these two organisms?

Both species of butterflies live successfully in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve where wild blue lupine are protected. The Pine Bush Preserve is an area that covers about 3000 acres. The Preserve manages and protects the ecosystem. The Karner blue caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the lupine, while the frosted elfin caterpillar feeds on the flowers and seedpods of the lupine plant.

The map below shows the range of the Karner blue butterfly habitat and locations where the frosted elfin butterfly have been observed in New York State in 2018.

If the Albany Pine Bush Preserve were no longer protected from development, which butterfly species in New York State would have a better chance of survival, and why?

Historically, wildfires kept the habitat in the Albany Pine Bush suitable for wild blue lupine and other native plants. Today, however, most wildfires are quickly extinguished to protect homes and other development in the area. Instead, the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission uses controlled burns that function like natural wildfires to maintain the Albany Pine Bush ecosystem.

Which claim accurately describes how controlled burns affect the Karner blue butterfly?

Solar System Patterns

Our solar system includes planets, moons, and other space objects that orbit our star, the Sun. Movements of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon cause daily, monthly, and seasonal patterns to occur. Many other stars are visible in the night sky but are located outside our solar system.

The photographs show some stars visible from Earth. Alpha Centauri A and B are two stars that orbit each other and appear as one star in the night sky. Alpha Centauri A is slightly larger than the Sun while Alpha Centauri B is slightly smaller than the Sun. Another star seen at night, Beta Pavonis, is about 2.3 times larger than the Sun. The table shows the distances of these stars from Earth.

Using numerical evidence why does the Sun appears brighter and larger than Alpha Centauri A and B and Beta Pavonis because of its relative distance and not its size?

Some stars appear to form patterns called constellations. Students noticed that some constellations are only seen at certain times of the year.

The model below represents some constellations that are visible in the night sky during different months as viewed from New York State. The beginning of each season is indicated.

Which table correctly shows a pattern of constellations seen throughout the year from New York State?

Some stars appear to form patterns called constellations. Students noticed that some constellations are only seen at certain times of the year.

The model below represents some constellations that are visible in the night sky during different months as viewed from New York State. The beginning of each season is indicated.

What causes the repeating yearly pattern of these constellations, which makes the constellations visible to an observer in New York State?

Students made the model below, which represents Earth in four positions in its orbit around the Sun. The shaded part of Earth represents nighttime.

Compared to the amount of daylight at the North Pole on June 21, the amount of daylight at the North Pole on December 21 is

The group of students in New York State took photographs of the Moon and recorded them for one month. The calendar below shows the photographs of the appearance of the Moon phases taken by the students in June 2018.

Which graph best represents the pattern of the visible part of the Moon observed from New York State in June 2018?

Investigations with Balloons

A student performed three investigations using balloons and other materials.

In the first investigation, the student used two balloons on strings and wool cloths. The balloons were hung from a ceiling with string. The entire surface of each balloon was rubbed with a wool cloth. The student observed the interaction between the two balloons. The letter X represents the location of the center of each balloon.

Figure 1 represents the initial position of the balloons. What can be concluded about the forces acting on one of the balloons, and what evidence supports this?

Investigations with Balloons

A student performed three investigations using balloons and other materials.

In the first investigation, the student used two balloons on strings and wool cloths. The balloons were hung from a ceiling with string. The entire surface of each balloon was rubbed with a wool cloth. The student observed the interaction between the two balloons. The letter X represents the location of the center of each balloon.

Which statement correctly identifies the result of rubbing the balloons with the wool cloth?

Then, the student discovered that small pieces of paper will stick to a balloon that has been rubbed with a wool cloth.

In the second investigation, the papers were removed from the balloon and placed on a table as shown in the diagram below. The entire balloon was rubbed with the wool cloth in the same way as the previous investigation. The balloon was then lowered near these small, equally-sized pieces of paper lying on top of a table. The student observed the interaction between the balloon and the paper. The student stopped lowering the balloon as soon as the pieces of paper traveled upward to the balloon. Arrows represent the motion of the paper.

PART A: Select all FIVE variables that is being changed in this second investigation.

Then, the student discovered that small pieces of paper will stick to a balloon that has been rubbed with a wool cloth.

In the second investigation, the papers were removed from the balloon and placed on a table as shown in the diagram below. The entire balloon was rubbed with the wool cloth in the same way as the previous investigation. The balloon was then lowered near these small, equally-sized pieces of paper lying on top of a table. The student observed the interaction between the balloon and the paper. The student stopped lowering the balloon as soon as the pieces of paper traveled upward to the balloon. Arrows represent the motion of the paper.

PART B: What question is the student likely trying to answer in this second investigation that includes this variable? Select THREE answers. 

Then, the student discovered that small pieces of paper will stick to a balloon that has been rubbed with a wool cloth.

In the second investigation, the papers were removed from the balloon and placed on a table as shown in the diagram below. The entire balloon was rubbed with the wool cloth in the same way as the previous investigation. The balloon was then lowered near these small, equally-sized pieces of paper lying on top of a table. The student observed the interaction between the balloon and the paper. The student stopped lowering the balloon as soon as the pieces of paper traveled upward to the balloon. Arrows represent the motion of the paper.

Which statement explains why the pieces of paper moved toward the balloon in Figure 6?

In the third investigation, the student rubbed another balloon with a wool cloth and held it near a metal can lying on a table. The balloon was brought near the can and held 10 centimeters (cm) away. The student observed that, when the balloon was held at this distance, the can rolled toward the balloon. The arrow indicates the direction the can rolled.

Which statement is evidence that energy was converted from one form to another in this third investigation?