Energy Transfer by Waves

The electromagnetic spectrum comprises all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that transmit energy and travel in the form of waves. This spectrum has different portions with different characteristics. The portion of the spectrum that humans can see is called visible light. People use the electromagnetic spectrum every day. Car radios, cell phones, and microwave ovens are just a few examples of devices that use the electromagnetic spectrum.

Which claim best describes the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?

The models below represent the paths of visible light rays as the visible light rays interact with blocks made of different materials, labeled A and B.

Based on the behavior of these visible light rays, which claim can be made about materials A or B?

The model below represents a visible light ray striking the surface of a block of shiny metal at point X.

Which shows the path of the light ray if the ray was reflected from the shiny metal surface at point X?

The model below shows sound waves being emitted from a cell phone.

What happens to the sound if the amplitude of the waves increases?

How were two traits altered that resulted in modern day corn plants?

Which type of technique (selective breeding or genetic engineering) is used to produce corn from teosinte?

In terms of offspring traits, why sexual reproduction and not asexual reproduction was used to produce corn plants from teosinte plants?

Insect pests damage a large amount of corn every year. One way scientists have successfully solved this problem is by growing a variety of corn that has an insect-resistant gene, the Bt gene, spliced into its genetic material. The Bt gene is cut from specific bacteria and inserted into the genetic material of corn. Insects feeding on this “Bt corn” get sick and die soon after. The chart below illustrates and describes a part of the process.

Adding the genetic material from the bacterium to the genetic material of the corn is an example of

Sometimes traits that are not expected show up in organisms such as corn. Some of these traits are desirable, while others are harmful. The model below shows a structural change occurring in a chromosome.

Which change would not result in a new trait being seen in future generations of corn?

The graph below shows how the changes in acres of Bt corn grown from 1996 to 2008 have influenced the amount of insecticide used per acre over that same period of time.

The graph indicates that the design solution of adding the Bt gene into corn plants helps protect the stability of an ecosystem by

How the kinetic energy of the three skaters was affected as a result of the mass of each skater? (Use quantitative information from any one ramp position on the graph to support your answer.)

Energy of Skateboarders

Three skaters, who weighed between 88 pounds (40 kg) and 177pounds (80 kg), went to a local skate park and each tried the half-pipe. A half-pipe is a U-shaped ramp, as shown below.

Data on the kinetic energy of the three skaters (40 kg, 60 kg, and 80 kg) at ten different positions of the half-pipe ramp were collected and graphed. The locations of the positions on the ramp are shown below.

Which table summarizes the relationship between the speed of a skater and the skater’s kinetic energy?

Which statement explains how the model of the ramp shown would need to be modified in order to increase the potential energy of the skater at position 10?

How these monitoring methods have made a positive impact on the total water used by comparing the data of 2014 to the data of 2018?

The map below shows the location of the town water district’s reservoir. The photograph below shows a portion of the reservoir as seen from a location on the highway heading east.

Which explanation identifies how past geologic processes are responsible for the distribution of water located in this town?

The location of a road next to the reservoir can pose problems for maintaining water quality and usage.

Which argument describes a correct relationship between the need to put salt on roads to keep roads safe in winter and its impact on water quality of the nearby reservoir?

Based on the graph, approximately how much water, in feet, has been lost from Lake Mead between January 2000 and June 2022, and what is one action residents in the seven states could take to limit the negative effects of this change in water level?

The three satellite images below were taken of the area around location X on the Colorado River Basin map. The lighter areas on the outside of the river are mineral deposits of the lakeshore that were once underwater or dissolved in the water.

Scientists have been using both global and local technologies to monitor the amount of water in the Colorado River Basin. The technologies have helped government agencies to conclude that

The graph below compares the historical water supply and usage to the predicted future water supply and usage for the Colorado River Basin. Volume of water is in million acre-feet. One acre foot is approximately the amount of water needed to cover a football field (about an acre) with one foot of water. Data on historical supply and use was not collected from 1933 to 1944.

Scientists have inferred that the increase in human population is responsible for the pattern of water usage. How this increasing human population will impact the future usage of water in the Colorado River Basin and how this usage will impact the Colorado River Basin?

Which statement can be supported using evidence from the photographs in the Stages of Embryonic Development chart and the embryonic images?

The photographs below show the adult form of the four organisms from the Stages of Embryonic Development chart.

The table below lists the four organisms and structures associated with these organisms. Which table indicates if the structures are found in the Embryo Stage only, the Adult Stage only, or both the Embryo and Adult stages?

Baby Yingliang

In 2000, a dinosaur embryo fossil was discovered in east China and is now housed in the Yingliang Stone Natural History Museum where it was dubbed “Baby Yingliang.” Estimated to be 27 centimeters long from head to tail, the creature lies inside a 17-cm-long egg. Paleontologists believe it belongs to a toothless theropod dinosaur, or oviraptorosaur, dating back 72 to 66 million years, within the Cretaceous Period.

Scientists have inferred that Baby Yingliang has a strong evolutionary relationship with the chicken. Which evidence that supports this inference?

The table below lists four dinosaur types and the nesting behaviors thought to be associated with each type.

Link the behavior to its explanation, which is believed to have helped dinosaurs' chances of successful reproduction.

The Oviraptorosaurus is a descendant of a group of dinosaurs called Maniraptora. The model below represents the evolutionary relationships amongst different groups of organisms. The bars indicate the time on Earth when these groups of organisms lived. The letters A, B, C, and D are descendants of the Maniraptora. Jurassic and Cretaceous refer to time periods in Earth’s geologic history when dinosaurs existed.

Which statement about the pattern observed in the model is most accurate?

Gravitational Forces

Students are investigating the factors that affect the strength of the gravitational force that one object exerts on another object. Students collected data using a computer simulation in order to find the strength of the gravitational force that object R exerted on object S. The masses of R and S, as well as the distance between the centers of R and S, were changed in order to find the effect of these changes on the strength of the gravitational force.

Which pair of simulations can be used as evidence to support the claim that changing the masses of R and S, as well as changing the distance between the masses, affect the strength of the gravitational force that R exerts on S?

Gravitational Forces

Students are investigating the factors that affect the strength of the gravitational force that one object exerts on another object. Students collected data using a computer simulation in order to find the strength of the gravitational force that object R exerted on object S. The masses of R and S, as well as the distance between the centers of R and S, were changed in order to find the effect of these changes on the strength of the gravitational force.

Which argument about mass, distance, and gravitational force can be made using evidence from the table?

Some satellites that orbit Earth, like the GOES-14 satellite, are geostationary. This geostationary satellite travels over the equator. It moves in the same direction and at the same rate Earth is spinning. From Earth, a geostationary satellite looks like it is standing still since it is always above the same location. In 2022, there were 402 geostationary satellites in orbit around Earth.

Which model below  indicates the direction of the gravitational force that Earth exerts on GOES-14 and the direction of the gravitational force that GOES-14 exerts on Earth.

The Hubble is a space telescope located in an orbit around Earth. It is powered by solar panels and it is approximately the same size and mass of a large school bus.

Fragments from non-functional satellites or even paint flecks from the International Space Station are found in space and called orbital debris. Hubble has evidence of impacts from this debris in the form of tiny impact craters across its solar panels. These tiny particles have struck Hubble at very fast speeds of up to 10 kilometers per second.

The force exerted on Hubble during a collision with space debris does not significantly affect the motion and location of this telescope. Which statement best explains this phenomenon?

The model below represents the locations of the Sun, Earth, and the Hubble telescope in our solar system. Earth and Hubble complete a trip around the Sun in a year, while Hubble completes a trip around Earth in approximately 95 minutes.

Why does the Hubble telescope remain in orbit around Earth, and why does Earth stay in orbit around the Sun?

The rock cycle model below shows the formation of rocks as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes.

Which list identifies the names of the missing processes, numbered 1 through 3, of the rock cycle?

Which two sources of energy are responsible for the cycling of Earth materials and the flow of energy, as shown in the rock cycle model?

The map below shows Death Valley. The arrows on the model below indicate the direction of land movement that produced the valley.

Which piece of evidence would support the claim that Death Valley National Park is the result of past tectonic plate motions?

Which water cycle process is directly responsible for the formation of the large mineral salt flats in Death Valley, and how is this process driven by energy from the Sun?

The climate graph below shows the average high and low air temperatures and the average monthly precipitation from 1981 through 2010 for Death Valley, California.

Based on the climate data for Death Valley, California, during which season (spring, summer, fall, or winter) is a flood most likely to occur, and what evidence from the graph supports this prediction?

Respiration

In order for athletes to run, bike, or hike long distances, more oxygen needs to be delivered to their cells. Athletes also need energy from food. Foods high in carbohydrates, such as sugar, provide this energy when the sugar and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy during cellular respiration. The chemical reaction for this process is modeled below.

Identify the carbon-based molecule that is formed when a sugar molecule is rearranged during cellular respiration.

The transfer of oxygen within the human body is partially shown in the model below. Hemoglobin is the protein that red blood cells use to transport oxygen.

Based on the model, how do two organ systems work together to deliver oxygen to body cells for cellular respiration?

The model below represents cellular respiration taking place in an organelle within a body cell.

Which organelle is represented in the model and is correctly paired with its function for the cell as a whole?

Which argument describes how the high altitude environment of the Himalayan region has affected the Sherpa population?

Natural selection has caused a genetic trait of Sherpas to change over a long period of time by

The model below represents a food web within an ecosystem which includes the bluebird.

Which table shows a correct interaction that the bluebird has with another organism in this food web?

The house sparrow is another bird commonly found in New York State. These birds frequently take over the nests and destroy the eggs of other birds. Once a male house sparrow establishes a territory, he remains there year-round and defends that territory, preventing other bird species from building nests in the area. House sparrows eat mostly grains and seeds, but, in summer, will eat insects and feed them to their young.

What type of interaction does a house sparrow have with a bluebird in an ecosystem, and which environmental factors contribute to this interaction?

Which evidence found on the maps supports the argument that changes to worldwide average temperatures affect the range of the Eastern bluebird?

How does the use of bluebird boxes on farms minimize the impact of pesticides on the environment?

Two containers, A and B, are shown below. Container A represents a model of the arrangement of six particles of liquid water. In Container B, a student made a model of these same six particles after thermal energy was added and the water became water vapor. The student’s particle diagram was incorrectly drawn.

How should the particles in Container B be drawn to correctly represent the arrangement of water vapor after thermal energy is added?