Text 1 Our food now travels an average of 1,500 miles before ending up on our plates. This globalization of the food supply has serious consequences for the environment, our health, our communities and our tastebuds. Much of the food grown in the breadbasket surrounding us must be shipped across the country to distribution centers before it makes its way back to our supermarket shelves. Because uncounted costs of this long-distance journey (air pollution and global warming, the ecological costs of large-scale monoculture, the loss of family farms and local community dollars) are not paid for at the checkout counter, many of us do not think about them at all. Text 2 Just how much carbon dioxide is emitted by transporting food from farm to fork? Pierre Desrochers and Hiroko Shimizu cite a comprehensive study done by the United Kingdom's Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) which reported that 82 percent of food miles were generated within the U.K. Consumer shopping trips accounted for 48 percent and trucking for 31 percent of British food miles. Air freight amounted to less than 1 percent of food miles. In total, food transportation accounted for only 1.8 percent of Britain's carbon dioxide emissions. Based on the texts, how would Desrochers and Shimizu (Text 2) most likely describe the view presented in Text 1?

Text 1 By investigating interactions between tree species, scientists have found that trees leverage similarities and differences in their microbial "makeup" to recognize other trees of their own species, and that they preferentially share nutrients with them through their mycorrhizal network- the systems of roots and fungi that connect them. For example, Douglas Fir trees growing in the same plot have been shown to share more carbon among them than with trees of other species. Text 2 The notion that trees send out resources to strengthen a community composed of members of their species is unlikely because groups that cooperate would need to win out over groups made up of competing individuals. According to plant ecologist Kathryn Flinn, while trees can sometimes facilitate each other's growth, a forest does not function like a single organism: it includes a vast array of species with a constantly shifting variety of interactions, both cooperative and competitive. Based on the texts, what would Kathryn Flinn most likely say about the "Douglas Fir trees" in Text 1?

Text 1 In recent years, there has been an explosion of scientific research revealing precisely how positive feelings are beneficial. We know that they motivate people to pursue important goals and overcome obstacles, offer protective benefits against the effects of stress, improve our social connectedness, and even ward off illness. The science of happiness has spawned a small industry of motivational speakers and research enterprises. Clearly, happiness is popular. Text 2 Happiness, it turns out, has a cost when experienced too intensely. For instance, we often are told that happiness can open up our minds to foster more creative thinking and help us tackle problems or puzzles. This is the case when we experience moderate levels of happiness. But according to Mark Alan Davis's 2008 analysis of the relationship between mood and creativity, when people experience intense and perhaps overwhelming amounts of happiness, they no longer experience the same creativity boost. What's more, psychologist Barbara Fredrickson has found that too much positive emotion- and too little negative emotion_'.makes people inflexible in the face of new challenges. Based on the texts, what would Mark Alan Davis most likely respond to what "we know" in Text 1?

Text 1 Until recently, the concrete psychological effects of fiction on individuals and society were largely a matter of speculation. However, research in psychology is beginning to provide answers about how fiction can expand our moral imaginations. For example, a series of studies conducted by Keith Oatley, Maja Djikic, and Raymond Mar found that fiction measurably improves people's ability to guess others' mental states by looking at only their eyes. They interpreted this finding as evidence for the idea that fiction allows people to connect with something larger than themselves. Text 2 An empirical approach to the question of whether fiction improves empathy was taken by David Kidd and Emanuele Castano, who conducted five experiments in which participants read fictional excerpts and then responded to images of facial expressions. The results showed that the participants had improved their theory of mind (ToM), or their ability to infer the thoughts and emotions of others. As Kidd points out, however, highly developed ToM does not always translate into more ethical behavior: the ability to manipulate someone, for instance, also requires a heightened understanding of other people's emotions. Based on the texts, how would Kidd and Castano most likely respond to Oatley, Djikic, and Mar in Text 1?

Text 1 On May 21, 2019, midsize black holes were detected for the first time when the U.S.-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and its European counterpart Virgo captured a tremor from a pair of black holes merging deep in space. Priyamvada Natarajan, an astrophysicist who has long worked on black-hole growth models, believes that black holes this size are born in nuclear star clusters, dense collections of stars found near galactic centers. These holes sweep through the cluster, adding gas and dust, until they settle at a single location and cease to , expand. Text2 Imre Bartos and other researchers working on hierarchical merger" models, in which black holes grow by eating one another, focus on one major data point in the LIGONirgo findings. The angular momentum, or "spin," of a black hole ranges from Oto 1. When two black holes of similar size combine, the resulting black hole usually has a spin of around 0.7. Significantly, the two black holes involved in the merger recorded by LIGO and Virgo had 0.69 and 0.73 respectively, suggesting that they both might have formed in previous mergers. Based on the texts, what would Imre Bartos most likely say about Priyamvada Natarajan's belief in Text 1?