How does studying programming language concepts specifically affect a programmer's ability to express ideas?

It increases their capacity to express ideas by expanding the depth at which they can think.

It allows them to bypass the need for abstraction by focusing on low-level machine constraints.

It simplifies their thought process by restricting them to a single, standard logic structure.

It ensures they no longer need to simulate missing constructs in the language they are using.

Why is "Increased background for choosing appropriate languages" cited as a specific benefit of studying language concepts?

It enables programmers to choose the language that best addresses the problem, rather than just the one they know.

It guarantees that the chosen language will have a lower execution cost than any other available option.

It ensures that programmers only choose languages that have been standardized by international committees.

It allows programmers to focus solely on languages that support object-oriented design methodologies.

What are the four primary criteria used in this text to evaluate programming languages?

Readability, Writability, Reliability, and Cost

Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Architecture

Portability, Generality, Well-definedness, and Standardization

Compilation, Interpretation, Linking, and Loading

In the context of language evaluation, what is the definition of "orthogonality"?

A relatively small set of primitive constructs can be combined in a small number of ways, and every combination is legal.

The ease with which a program can be moved from one implementation to another.

The presence of powerful operators that allow a great deal of computation to be accomplished with a very small program.

The degree to which a program performs to its specifications under all conditions.

Under what specific condition does "operator overloading" negatively affect readability?

When users create their own overloading that is not sensible or intuitive (e.g., adding arrays to mean something unusual).

When the language restricts the operator to only one specific data type.

When the language allows the operator to be used for both integer and floating-point addition.

When the operator is used in a mathematical expression involving recursive function calls.

Which of the following is cited as a specific example of a lack of orthogonality in the C programming language?

Records (structs) can be returned from functions, but arrays cannot.

Parameters in C are passed by value, unless they are pointers.

The language includes two kinds of structured data types: arrays and records.

Integers and floating-point numbers can be added together in the same expression.

What is "aliasing" and why is it considered a dangerous feature for reliability?

It is having two or more distinct names that access the same memory cell, making it difficult to track value changes.

It is the process of intercepting run-time errors and taking corrective measures before the program crashes.

It is the use of a single operator symbol to perform multiple different operations depending on the data type.

It is the ability to define and use complex structures in ways that allow details to be ignored.

What does "expressivity" refer to when evaluating the writability of a programming language?

Having convenient ways of specifying computations, such as powerful operators or concise syntax.

Having a small number of primitive constructs that can be combined without restriction.

The completeness and precision of the language's official defining document.

The ability of the compiler to detect type errors early in the development cycle.

Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the "Cost" of a programming language?

The cost of poor reliability, including failures in critical systems.

The number of reserved words that cannot be used as variable names.

The complexity of the lexical analyzer required to parse the language.

The availability of open-source libraries for the language.

What is the defining characteristic of the "von Neumann architecture"?

Data and programs are stored in the same memory, separate from the CPU.

The CPU contains the memory, allowing for instant access to instructions.

Programs are strictly separated from data, stored in read-only memory.

Instructions are executed in parallel across multiple processing units.

What is the "von Neumann bottleneck"?

The limited speed of the connection between a computer’s memory and its processor.

The inability of a single CPU to execute multiple threads simultaneously.

The delay caused by the operating system switching between user programs.

The difficulty of translating high-level language constructs into machine code.

How did the shift to "data-oriented" design methodologies in the late 1970s influence language design?

It emphasized the use of abstract data types and encapsulation to solve problems.

It eliminated the use of variables and assignment statements in favor of functions.

It focused on the use of flowcharts and top-down design for control structures.

It prioritized the use of complex logic rules specified in no particular order.

What distinguishes "logic programming languages" from imperative languages?

They are rule-based, where rules are specified in no particular order and the system chooses the execution order.

They are primarily used for formatting text and do not support computation.

They rely exclusively on functions applied to parameters without any variables.

They require the programmer to specify the exact sequence of memory manipulations.

What is the primary trade-off when using a compiler implementation compared to pure interpretation?

Compilation offers faster execution but slower translation/development steps.

Compilation requires less memory during execution but cannot handle syntax errors.

Compilation provides easier source-level debugging but slower execution.

Compilation allows for dynamic code modification during runtime but uses more resources.

What is the specific function of the "Lexical Analyzer" in the compilation process?

It gathers characters from the source program into lexical units like identifiers and operators.

It translates optimized intermediate code into the final machine language.

It checks for type errors that are impossible to detect during syntax analysis.

It constructs hierarchical structures called parse trees to represent program structure.

What role does the "Symbol Table" play in a compiler?

It acts as a database storing type and attribute information for every user-defined name.

It holds the intermediate code generated before optimization takes place.

It contains the library of pre-compiled system programs linked to the user application.

It stores the list of reserved words and special characters defined by the language.

Why is "Pure Interpretation" significantly slower than compiled execution?

High-level language statements must be decoded every time they are executed.

Interpreted languages do not support the use of efficient data structures like arrays.

The interpreter must constantly access the hard drive to retrieve source code.

The interpreter cannot utilize the computer's floating-point arithmetic unit.

How does a "Hybrid Implementation System" function?

It translates high-level code to an intermediate language (like byte code) for easier interpretation.

It compiles the most frequently used parts of the program and interprets the rest.

It interprets the source code during the first run, then saves a machine code version for later.

It uses a preprocessor to expand macros before running a pure interpreter.

What distinguishes a "Just-in-Time" (JIT) system from a standard hybrid system?

It compiles intermediate code into machine code during execution when methods are called.

It relies entirely on hardware-level microinstructions to execute the intermediate code.

It interprets the source code line-by-line without any initial translation step.

It requires the entire program to be compiled to machine code before execution starts.

What is the primary purpose of a "Preprocessor" in languages like C?

To process the program immediately before compilation, acting essentially as a macro expander.

To manage the file system and text editor within the integrated development environment.

To optimize the intermediate code generated by the semantic analyzer.

To link the user program with system libraries after the compilation phase.

What constitutes a "Programming Environment"?

The collection of tools used in software development, ranging from simple editors to integrated systems.

The set of syntax rules and libraries that define a specific programming language.

The specific hardware configuration and operating system version the software runs on.

The physical workspace and ergonomic conditions provided to the programming team.

PROLANG - Introduction to Programming Languages

PROLANG - Evolution of Major Programming Languages

PROLANG MIDTERM EXAM

Improving one’s physical appearance is the primary concern, of all people from all walks of life. Not only the party goers, career-oriented, or the celebrities but also ordinary people like us. So one must be careful in choosing the kind of cosmetic products that will not cause any harmful effects to their health as well as the environment. Objectives: Pretest: Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 43 Cosmetics are products used to beautify, clean or protect the skin, hair, and other parts of the body. Examples of these are make-up, gel, hair spray, and hair dye. Prolong usage of these products will be harmful for your health as well as the environment. What are cosmetics? Cosmetics refer to any preparation intended to beautify the human body, more specifically the face. Make-up preparations – are formulated with covering creams that are skin toned and dense in texture to hide or conceal skin blemishes. Hair spray - is a liquid preparation in an aerosol or other spray container use for holding the hair in place. Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 44 Hair dye - is a hair coloring matter use to give hair a new color. Gel - a semi rigid or a dispersion of a solid with liquid as in jelly or glue, use to hold the hair in a specific style. Now, take note of the different components commonly found in hair spray. a. Aerosol – is a substance sealed in a container under pressure, with a device for releasing it as a fine spray. Components of aerosol: 1. propane gas - means colorless, flammable gas. 2. butane gas - is the most dangerous substance because it contains carcinogen 3. carcinogen - is a substance that causes cancer. Are you aware of the Global Warming? Do you feel the heat of the sun becoming more intense, especially during summer time? It is due to the continuous depletion of the Ozone Layer. And the depleted ozone layer is caused by aerosol, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and air pollution. The presence of CFCs in the atmosphere can destroy millions of ozone molecules. The destruction of the ozone molecules can cause black hole on the ozone layer which allow the ultraviolet radiation to pass through it down to earth’s surface. Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 45 Ultraviolet rays coming from the sun penetrates the earth causing us harmful effects. Exposure to the unabsorbed ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer. b. CFC - chlorofluorocarbon is a combination of the following components: 1. chlorine - it is a poisonous gas that is highly irritating to the respiratory organ. 2. Fluorine – a toxic gas that occurs with the combination of fluorite, enyolite and other minerals. 3. carbon atoms The above mentioned chemicals do not combine easily with other substances and only vaporize at low temperature. An excessive use may destroy the ozone layer which protects the earth from ultraviolet rays of the sun.

1. The following are ingredients in preparing pumping solution, EXCEPT; a. 5 kgs ham leg c. 1 cup saturated salt solution b. one tablespoon sugar d. 2 drops maplein 2. What is the value in grams of 6.4% refined salt if the amount of pork meat is 1 kilogram? a. 64 grams c. 640 grams b. 6.4 kilograms d. 6,400 grams 3. What is the main purpose of curing meat? a. To tenderize it c. To add color to it b. To prevent spoilage d. To increase its weight 4. What is the advantage of using pumping pickle over cover pickle and dry cure mixtures? a. It reduces the curing time. b. It enhances the flavor. c. It controls the concentration of salt. d. All of the above 5. What is the function of phosphate in curing solutions? a. It increases the water-holding capacity of the meat. b. It inhibits the growth of bacteria. c. It prevents oxidation of fat. d. It improves the texture of the meat. 6. What is the function of carrageenan in curing solutions? a. It acts as a thickener. b. It acts as a binder. c. It acts as a stabilizer. d. All of the above 7. In coloring salted eggs, how many teaspoons of vinegar must be added? a. 1 teaspoon b. 2 teaspoons c. 3 teaspoons d. 4 teaspoons 8. The following are factors that must be considered in packaging eggs. a. quality maintenance b. packaging design c. type of transport d. cost 9. In type 3 packaging material for eggs, what type of materials can these be made? a. burlap b. plastic c. paper board d. polystyrene 10. How many hours must be needed to bake the ham in an oven? a. 5 hours b. 3 hours c. 4 hours d. 2 hours 11. What is the ideal temperature of a smoke fish when storing it at home inside a refrigerator? a. 30℃ b. 38 ℃ c. 100 ℃ d. 50 ℃ 12. The following are ingredients for curing meat EXCEPT a. salt b. sugar c. vinegar d. cooking oil 13. What is the maximum period for commercial salted duck eggs? a. 18 days b. 21 days c. 14 days d. 30 days 14. What type of curing method is needed when fatty fish such as herring is being used? a. pickle curing b. dry curing c. cover pickle curing d. Pumping pickle curing 15. In making a pork ham, how many quarts of water must be needed to bring it to a boil? a. 2 quarts b. 3 quarts c. 4 quarts d. 5 quarts 16. In making a homemade skinless pork longganisa, what is the percentage of pork fats and lean meat? a. 20% fats, 80% lean meat b. 30% fats, 70% lean meat c. 40% fats, 60 lean meat d. 50% fats, 50% lean meat 17. It is a systematic procedure of producing a record for reference A. output C. documentation B. production report D. input 18. Anything produced, especially through a process, a product, a yield. A. documentation C. output B. input D. production report 19. It is the process of capturing data or translating information to a recording format. A. documentation C. production report B. reporting D. output 20. What is the value in grams of 6.4% refined salt if the amount of pork meat is 1 kilogram? a. 64 grams c. 640 grams b. 6.4 kilograms d. 6,400 grams 21. What is the difference between pumping pickle and cover pickle? a. Pumping pickle is injected into the meat, while cover pickle is poured over it. b. Pumping pickle is made with vinegar, while cover pickle is made with water. c. Pumping pickle is used for whole cuts of meat, while cover pickle is used for sliced meat. d. Pumping pickle is a dry mixture, while cover pickle is a liquid solution. 22. What is the main ingredient of dry cure mixtures? a. Sugar b. Salt c. Spices d. Phosphate 23. What is the function of vitamin C powder in curing solutions? a. It acts as an antioxidant. b. It enhances the color of the meat. c. It accelerates the curing reaction. d. All of the above 24. What is the ideal temperature for storing cured meat? a. Below 0°C b. Between 0°C and 4°C c. Between 4°C and 10°C d. Above 10°C 25. The following are advantages of packaging shell eggs EXCEPT. a. It protects against micro-organisms such as bacteria b. It prevents the loss of moisture. c. It protects the eggs from possible crushing while being handled, stored, or transported. d. It prolong the shelf life of the eggs. 26. How many pieces of eggs can be filled in a type 2 packaging materials, filler tray? a. 36 b. 12 c. 30 d. 24 27. How many hours must be needed in smoking ham? a. 10 to 19 hours b. 5 to 9 hours c. 15 to 24 hours d. 20 to 29 hours 28. It is a food packaging method that removes all air from a food-filled, plastic film package before sealing it. a. smoking b. drying c. vacuum packing d. weighing 29. Which is NOT TRUE about packaging a smoked fish? a. Sort cooled smoked fish according to size b. Pack or transfer smoked fish in bulk packaging materials by arranging the fish head and tail in any position. c. When the packaging material is nearly full, weigh the whole pack to check the product weight attained. d. Close or seal the packs. 30. The following nutrients can be found in an egg, EXCEPT. a. vitamins b. minerals c. omega 3 d. amino acids

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

STAAR English II High School 2014 - Past Paper

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