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Rainwater
Quiz by Tony Holt
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Rainwater Harvesting and Grey Water ReuseUnderstand and apply domestic rainwater system installation and maintenance techniquesPhase 2 Rainwater System InstallationCity and Guilds Plumbing 9289 RainwaterSingapore, a city-state that imports most of its food from other countries, started experimenting with vertical farming to scale up local food production as early as 2009. Having limited land but a large population, Singapore has expanded upward by building high-rise “farm walls,” which allow plants to grow up, rather than across the land. With a population of 23 million, Taiwan should follow Singapore’s example and develop vertical farming because this farming method can address issues such as limited land, water, and agricultural workers. 2 First, the rainwater-driven rotary system in vertical farms makes better use of land and, therefore, may help deal with the farmland issue in Taiwan. Taiwan has lost a lot of agricultural land to industrial and domestic use. This land issue can be addressed by the rotary system, which allows farmers to move racks of plants—one by one—as high as nine meters up in the air to get enough sunlight. Each vertical farm in Singapore has more than 20 racks of rotating plant-growing containers, providing an efficient way to make the most of limited land space. 3 Second, aside from the efficient use of land, the rotary system helps save water, which can prevent a lack of water during water rationing. Despite the fact that Taiwan has a lot more annual rainfall than the world average, much of it quickly flows down steep mountains into the sea, which makes collecting rainwater difficult. In vertical farms, plants are watered by recycled rainwater precisely where they need to be when the racks are rotated down to the micro-sprinklers. Singapore’s urban farming has proved that this sustainable irrigation method allows plants to be grown with only 5% of the water used in traditional agriculture. 4 Third, the operation of vertical farms relies greatly on machines and thus may ease the problem of having a declining number of agricultural workers. Low pay, long hours, and tough working conditions on traditional farms mean most young people would rather choose other careers, which results in an age gap in agriculture with many more older workers than younger ones. Such a negative impact could be reduced by the highly-computerized work on vertical farms. Mostly operated by machines, the work on vertical farms is lighter. As a result, fewer workers are needed on vertical farms. 5 Given these points, vertical farming appears to be the perfect solution for Taiwan, and we are technologically prepared for this new farming method. One biotechnology company in Taiwan has been working with a Danish partner since 2020, and they have successfully run a vertical farm in Copenhagen. If we can build more vertical farms in Taiwan, many agricultural issues can be dealt with, and city citizens may be able to start growing and harvesting food sustainably at the touch of a button.Water harvesting and storage Water is very important for life on earth. People, plants and animals all need water to live. There is always not enough water in rivers and streams for farmers to use. Water harvesting is collecting rain water and storing it to be used later. We can divert rivers and build structures such as dams and tanks to store water. METHODS OF WATER HARVESTING 1.Harvesting from rooftops: Rainwater that fall on roofs, roads and pavements can be collected, instead of letting it run into the ditches. One way to do this is to use water storage tanks. Rain runs off the roof into the gutter and then into the water tank. 2. Damming rivers. Farmers may also build dams to store water to use to irrigate their crops and water their livestock. Some communities block rivers to harness water. The water might be pumped into tanks They can then use the water to water their crops and animals to drink 4. Making pits and open reservoirs •If water tanks are too expensive, people can dig big pits and make open reservoirs. •These reservoirs not only collect rainwater, but also allow rainwater to seep into the ground and raise the ground water level. 5. Road drains Rain water can be harvested from roadside drains then led to storage tanks or encouraged to sink into the soil to increase the water table 5. Harvesting rain water from rock outcrops Rain water can be harvested from the rock outcrops by constructing a small wall to block the water and lead it to the tanks WATER STORAGE FACILITIES 1. Tanks – stores water to reduce evaporation and protect it from algae 2. Reservoirs – also reduces evaporation and algae 3. Ponds Volcanic Eruptions Earthquakes are sometimes used in predicting volcanic eruptions. An earthquake alerts the authorities to observe a nearby volcano. When a volcano shows signs of eruption, evacuation of the nearby villages should be immediately implemented Active volcanoes are the ones that are usually closely monitored by volcanologists These are commonly located along plate boundaries specifically along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Philippines is one of the countries that have a lot of volcanoes. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a region in the Pacific where most active volcanoes are located. The dots in the figure represent the active volcanoes in the world. Active volcanoes are those that have a recorded volcanic eruption in their history. There are two types of volcanic eruptions depending on the magma composition: the explosive type and the Hawaiian or nonexplosive type. The types of eruptions depend on the viscosity and amount of dissolved gases in a magma. Explosive eruptions have magma that is highly viscous and contains large amounts of dissolved gases. On the other hand, the Hawaiian type or nonexplosive eruptions have magma that has low viscosity and low amount of dissolved gases. Viscosity determines the ability of magma to flow. The lower the viscosity, the easier it is for the magma to flow. This viscosity of the magma is affected by silica content and temperature. Low-temperature magma with high silica content are highly viscous, high-temperature magma with low silica content has low viscosity. Therefore, in explosive eruptions, the magma could not easily get out of the vent. This impedes the remaining magma below, causing an increase of pressure. Once the pressure is released. an explosive eruption occurs. Volcanic Hazards Explosive volcanic eruptions release pyroclastic flows and materials that are considered to pose the greatest threat. The pyroclastic flows often render people in a shock state since they become overwhelmed with what they are seeing Too much pyroclastic material (eg., tephra), may bury people and severely damage the agricultural land and livestock. Damaged agricultural land could lead to famine. After an eruption, pyroclastic materials that have settled along the slope of the volcano get mixed with rainwater. This would start a mudflow or lahar moving at high speed, destroying everything along its path. Poisonous gases are also released by volcanoes. These gases can be lethal to people, animals, and plants. Just like earthquakes, violent volcanic eruptions may also happen underwater, which can trigger a tsunami. • Unit one . chicken دجاج , bananas موز , onionsبصل , watermelon بطيخ , vegetables خضروات , cheese جبن , lemons ليمون , grapes عنب , milkshake لبن مخفوق , rice أرز , breakfast الفطار , lunch الغداء , dinner العشاء , mangoes مانجو, , potatoes بطاطس , sugarcane , ready, favorite , scientist , emperor , palace , competition , honest , gardener , governorate , fishermen , important , win , grow , plant , live , wheat , goats , sheep , wheelchair people . • Unit two . Crocodile , spider , insect , snake , dangerous , lizard , amazing , beautiful , hungry , juicy , angry , famous , surprised , delicious , perfect , special , careful , scared , scary , amazing , bear , pelican , teeth , claws , paws , beak , coats . • Unit three . Balcony , leaves , germination ,habitat , agricultural , river , lake , special , dry ,rainwater , sunflower , daisy , acacia , tamarisk , shoot , roots , soil, bean plant , orange tree , lotus flower , become , die .