Henry VIII's second wife; had a daughter, Elizabeth; rebellious against Henry; charged with treason and later beheaded

King Henry VIII's first wife who gave birth to Mary, and from whom he wanted an annulment-sparking the events that would eventually lead up to the birth of the Church of England.

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

An Italian philosopher/writer that is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote,The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Artist who developed his own style of painting that blended Christian and classical styles from great masters; best known for tender portrayals of Madonna, The School of Athens, and the Raphael rooms in the Vatican

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

The pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith.

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

A government controlled by religious leaders

Most famous for the Mona Lisa and was a Painter, musician, engineer, architect, mathematician and doctor

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

A religious movement begun by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.

Queen of England; during her reign, England became leader of Protestant Europe and laid foundations for a large empire

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Took the throne after her brother Edward VI died. Thought she was pregnant but it was really just a tumor in her stomach and she died.

Branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin based in Poland and the Netherlands which believed in predestination and salvation coming from faith alone

Believed in predestination, as well as in the importance of living a good life and obeying God's laws.

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Italian financier and statesman and supporter of the arts.

One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. Known for The Birth of Venus.

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be.

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no latin.

Everyday language of ordinary people

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Martin Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.