A ____________ variable is the one that is changed by the scientist.

A needs assessment answers which of the following questions?

__________________ ascertains how well a particular study was designed, conducted, and interpreted, i.e., how strong is the study design.

_____________ is the name of the threat to internal validity that refers to any event external to the experiment that might have caused the change in participants' behavior.

________________ is sketched out using boxes and arrows and illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during the study, i.e., it is a roadmap of factors that lead to outcomes.

What type of study revolves around a thorough review of existing literature?

_____________ are the two main threats to the validity of a systematic review and meta-analysis.

_________________ is defined as looking up every article cited by eligible articles in order to identify other articles that might be relevant but not indexed in the selected database.

Selecting every third name from a list is an example of ________________ sampling

The variable "highest educational degree" on a scale of never (1) to always (5) is an example of ____________ variable

Questions derived from practice often point toward an unmet demand for needs assessments, program evaluation, and clinical effectiveness studies.

It is not possible for an experiment to have low external validity but high internal validity.

Convenience sampling technique, also called as judgement sampling, is the deliberate choice of a participant due to the qualities the participant possesses.

Temperature (degree F or C) as a variable is an example of ratio variable.

A narrative review tells a story about a topic using evidence from the literature to support the "plot"

Which of the following is a key characteristic to watch out fro when performing a case series study?

_________________ resamples and resurveys representatives from the same source population at two or more different time points.

What type of randomization randomly assigns groups of people to an intervention group and other groups of people to a control group?

_______________ is a measure used for analysis in the real world setting for experimental studies.

_________________ validity is based on the extent to which scores on a test or scale correlate with the "gold standard" by which something can be judged.

_________________ is a measure of reliability that will test the stability of measurement over time. For example, measuring blood pressure twice over a period of one week.

Survey instruments that ask the same question several ways, or ask a series of similar questions in order to confirm the stability of participant's responses accounts for

__________________ is a type of control group within experimental design where the participants serve as their own control.

________________ study designs assign participants to an intervention and control group using non-random methods. Aside of the non-randomization component this method is very similar to randomized studies.

The principles of _______________ require that researchers balance the likely benefits and risks of the experimental study.

Cross-sectional surveys are used to establish baseline data prior to the initiation of longitudinal studies.

Construct validity would be achieved if for e.g. the new measure of depression positively correlates with job-performance ratings.

Because the response rate to online surveys is almost always less than 100%, such surveys are presumed to have biased samples in favor of individuals who are better educated, have high literacy skills, or have frequent access to the internet.

Habituation happens when the respondents answer a question in a given sequence assuming that the questions are similar in nature.

Descriptive studies are frequently used to identify causations and explain cause-effect relationships.

Which approach to gather and interpret qualitative data seeks to understand how humans make sense and meaning of their own life experiences and feelings.

What type of statement provides essential information about research projects to potential research participants so that they can make a thoughtful decision about whether to enroll in a study?

The principles of __________ require that researchers balance the likely benefits and risks of the research study.

___________ studies focuses on understanding various cultures and social systems from an emic perspective

For a study titled "Describing the use of healthcare services by college students", the researcher samples a total of 30 undergraduate students from the NAU campus fro qualitative interviewing. This is an example of ________________ sampling approach.

_______________ ensures that individuals are treated as autonomous agents and persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.

The following is NOT considered as a specific or vulnerable population ___________

_____________ focuses on building theoretical insights from the data itself. The goal is to build a theory informing the causes and relationships of a phenomenon.

While evaluating the impacts of a new school curriculum on study outcomes, researchers sampled students who were extremely good students as well as students who were not the best performers. This is an example of ___________ sampling strategy.

Focus group participants are recruited through purposive sampling because they are able to provide insights about the study question.

The ethical principle of distributive justice seeks to ensure that the benefits and burdens of research are equitable, i.e. who should receive the benefits and who should bear the burden.

A patient being asked by his or her own physician to participate in a clinical trial is NOT an example of coercion.

An inductive approach of qualitative data analysis uses pre-existing conceptual frameworks or theory to guide the findings, themes, and codes.

Snowball sampling involves one person referring another person and so on, mainly used to identify hard-to-reach populations.

Studying human behavior using publicly available documents, mass media, or social media is also considered as a human subject research by IRB.

What selection of a paper in the health sciences should spell out the main research question that the paper will explore and answer?

_____________ Evaluation is conducted for learning and improvement including early identification of possible problems

_______________ is one of the most robust methodological designs often used for evaluation type studies, when the budget and time is not an issue.

P1 X P2 is an example of ________________ evaluation study design.

Which of the following can be viewed as an opportunity to receive expert and constructive feedback about a draft research proposal?

_____________ evaluation is conducted towards to the end of the program in order to determine the value and future of the program.

Within a logic model, ________________ is NOT a part of the inputs.

From the examples provided, which is the weakest evaluation study-design? P1

When writing a research proposal, the researcher should assume that the readers of the proposal have an in-depth knowledge of the particular research area.

From the example provided in class, "reduced exposure to asthma triggers" is an example of long-term goal.

New applicants should add new fields of expertise rather than remain stagnant in their discipline when searching for an initiative.

An experimental study design may be the best study design when it is not possible to design a comparison group.

Assuming I receive a fundable score in a peer review, it may take a year or longer from application to award.

The methods section of the research proposal needs to convince the reader that the proposed approach to answering the study question is a valid and efficient one that is worth bankrolling.

A needs assessment evaluation study has the same level of rigor as the final evaluation study.

What can you do to ensure that your qualitative study is both ethically sound and employs maximum rigor?

In a research question "effects of yoga on reducing body weight among high school aged children" What is the independent variable?

What is Number Needed to Treat (NNT)?

Efficacy is the proportion of the Control group that had unfavorable outcomes that wouldn't have had unfavorable outcomes if they had been in the Case group

"Looking inside the black box" means...