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World Studies _Augustus and the Roman Empire

Spanish Version Lesson 1 Social Studies The Medieval World Chapter 1 Medieval Europe The Great Fall Beginning in the 300s CE, there was great turmoil in the Western Roman Empire. After decades of invasions by Germanic tribes, the empire fell in 476 CE. At its height, the Roman Empire had reached across Europe and included northern Africa and parts of Asia. Life in the empire before it collapsed was either luxurious or simple, depending on where you were within the social order. If you were a member of the political class, you lived well. You would have enjoyed parties, lived in a large home, and had servants or enslaved persons tending to your every need. You would have attended civic gatherings in ornate government buildings. Most people, though, lived modest lives If you were at the bottom of the social structure, you would have lived in a simple home and worked hard every day. When you were not working, you might have enjoyed watching chariot races or gladiator fights. What all Romans had in common, however, was the patriarchy. This was a system in which the oldest man in a family made all the public decisions. The women were responsible for taking care of the home and the children, and they had few rights. This rigid social structure was the backbone of Roman society for centuries. Even though the fall of the empire meant that Roman government no longer existed, day-to-day life went on as before for many people. Those living far from Rome probably did not even hear about the invasions or the fall of Rome. As a result, the language and the structure of society remained largely the same—at least for some time. The ten centuries that followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Europe are called the Middle Ages, or the medieval period. Three important groups shaped life in medieval Europe. These were the Church, the aristocracy, and the commoners. The Church included bishops, monks, and priests, known as clergy. People were part of the aristocracy if their family were also members of this group. Aristocrats held most of the land throughout Europe and most of the Vocabulary patriarchy, n. a social structure marked by the dominance of the father in the family Vocabulary medieval, adj. relating to the Middle Ages in Europe aristocracy, n. the upper or noble class whose members’ status is usually inherited clergy, n. in a Christian church, p military and political power. The commoners included everyone who was not aristocratic or part of the Church. Commoners ranged from wealthy merchants to poor people who owned nothing. Craftspeople, merchants, traders, and bankers were all part of the middle class of commoners. The Church was the only major institution in Europe that survived the fall of the empire. Building on the influence of Emperor Constantine and the gathering of church leaders at Nicaea in 325 CE, Emperor Theodosius I had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 CE. After that, the Church organized itself with a structure similar to the old Roman government, with each region having headquarters in a major city. The leader of the entire Church was the pope. The pope was, and still is, the leader of the Catholic religion throughout the world

SS Spanish Version 8/25/25 Topic: Fall of Rome, Medieval Europe, and the Role of Monasteries Tema: La caída de Roma, la Europa medieval y el papel de los monasterios Reading Passage / Pasaje de Lectura The Roman Empire, once the most powerful civilization in the world, began to weaken during the 4th and 5th centuries. Several causes contributed to its decline, including political corruption, heavy taxes, reliance on slave labor, and invasions by barbarian tribes such as the Visigoths and Vandals. In 476 CE, the last Roman emperor in the West was removed, marking the official fall of the Western Roman Empire. This event brought significant changes to Europe, as centralized government disappeared and smaller kingdoms took control. El Imperio Romano, una vez la civilización más poderosa del mundo, comenzó a debilitarse durante los siglos IV y V. Varias causas contribuyeron a su declive, incluyendo la corrupción política, los altos impuestos, la dependencia de la mano de obra esclava y las invasiones de tribus bárbaras como los visigodos y los vándalos. En el año 476 d.C., el último emperador romano en Occidente fue depuesto, marcando la caída oficial del Imperio Romano Occidental. Este evento trajo cambios significativos a Europa, ya que el gobierno centralizado desapareció y reinos más pequeños tomaron el control. After the fall of Rome, Europe entered the Middle Ages, also known as Medieval Europe. This period lasted roughly from 500 to 1500 CE. Life during this time was shaped by the feudal system, where kings gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service. Most people were peasants who farmed the land and gave a portion of their harvest to their lords. Castles provided protection, while the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution, guiding people’s beliefs and daily lives. Después de la caída de Roma, Europa entró en la Edad Media, también conocida como la Europa medieval. Este período duró aproximadamente del año 500 al 1500 d.C. La vida durante este tiempo estaba organizada por el sistema feudal, en el cual los reyes daban tierras a los nobles a cambio de lealtad y servicio militar. La mayoría de las personas eran campesinos que cultivaban la tierra y entregaban una parte de su cosecha a sus señores. Los castillos brindaban protección, mientras que la Iglesia Católica se convirtió en la institución más poderosa, guiando las creencias y la vida diaria de las personas. In the uncertain times of Medieval Europe, monasteries served as centers of learning and stability. Monks lived simple lives dedicated to prayer, work, and study. They carefully copied ancient texts, preserving knowledge from Greece and Rome. Monasteries also offered medical care, shelter to travelers, and food to the poor. In many ways, they became islands of peace and knowledge in a world often filled with war and hardship. En los tiempos inciertos de la Europa medieval, los monasterios sirvieron como centros de aprendizaje y estabilidad. Los monjes vivían vidas simples dedicadas a la oración, el trabajo y el estudio. Ellos copiaban cuidadosamente textos antiguos, preservando el conocimiento de Grecia y Roma. Los monasterios también ofrecían atención médica, refugio a viajeros y comida a los pobres. De muchas maneras, se convirtieron en islas de paz y conocimiento en un mundo a menudo lleno de guerras y dificultades.

The history of Tunisia can be traced back to around the tenth century BCE, when the Phoenicians established colonies along the coast. The Phoenicians were a group of seafaring traders who brought their language, religion, and culture. They had a lasting effect on Tunisia. In 146 BCE, Tunisia became part of the Roman Empire. The Romans brought with them their language, law, and government. Tunisia became an important center of commerce and culture. In the seventh century CE, Arab armies conquered, Tunisia, and the country became part of the Muslim world. Tunisia became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1574. The Ottomans ruled over the country for almost 300 years. During this time, Tunisia became an important trade center, and the country experienced prosperity and cultural growth. The Republic of Tunisia Today In 1881, Tunisia became a protectorate of France. It gained its independence in 1956. Tunisia officially became a republic and elected its first president, Habib Bourguibain 1957. He modernized the country and improved education and the economy.

Question 1 Category: Current Events Question: What was the primary demand of the Kenyan Gen Z protesters featured in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) Free education B) Repeal of the Finance Bill 2024 C) Climate change action D) New elections Correct Answer: B) Repeal of the Finance Bill 2024 Explanation: The BBC documentary highlights that Kenyan youth protested to demand the repeal of the Finance Bill 2024, which proposed tax hikes raising $2.7 billion. Question 2 Category: Science Question: Which gas, discovered on the sun before Earth, is the second most abundant element in the universe? Options: A) Hydrogen B) Oxygen C) Helium D) Nitrogen Correct Answer: C) Helium Explanation: Helium was first detected in the sun’s spectrum in 1868 and is the second most abundant element after hydrogen in the universe. Question 3 Category: Current Events Question: Which Kenyan city was the epicenter of the Gen Z protests covered in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) Mombasa B) Nairobi C) Kisumu D) Eldoret Correct Answer: B) Nairobi Explanation: Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, was the main hub for the #OccupyParliament protests, with significant events like the Parliament breach occurring there, as shown in the documentary. Question 4 Category: History Question: Which empire, known for its vast trade networks, was centered in modern-day Turkey and lasted until the early 20th century? Options: A) Roman Empire B) Ottoman Empire C) Mongol Empire D) Byzantine Empire Correct Answer: B) Ottoman Empire Explanation: The Ottoman Empire, spanning over 600 years until 1922, was a major trade and cultural power centered in modern-day Turkey. Question 5 Category: Current Events Question: According to the BBC documentary, what technology helped document evidence of police brutality during the Kenyan Gen Z protests? Options: A) Drones B) Smartphone videos C) Facial recognition software D) Satellite tracking Correct Answer: B) Smartphone videos Explanation: The documentary used smartphone videos from protesters and bystanders, analyzed via open-source data, to document police brutality during the 2024 protests. Question 6 Category: Geography Question: What is the smallest country in the world by land area? Options: A) Monaco B) Vatican City C) San Marino D) Liechtenstein Correct Answer: B) Vatican City Explanation: Vatican City, with an area of about 44 hectares, is the smallest sovereign state in the world by land area. Question 7 Category: Current Events Question: What hashtag became synonymous with the Kenyan Gen Z protests, as featured in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) #KenyaRising B) #OccupyParliament C) #TaxRevolt D) #GenZFight Correct Answer: B) #OccupyParliament Explanation: The #OccupyParliament hashtag was widely used by protesters to rally against the Finance Bill 2024, as documented by the BBC. Question 8 Category: Entertainment Question: Which actor starred as the lead in the 2023 film Barbie and also played a role in La La Land? Options: A) Emma Stone B) Margot Robbie C) Zendaya D) Saoirse Ronan Correct Answer: B) Margot Robbie Explanation: Margot Robbie starred as Barbie in the 2023 film and played a supporting role in La La Land (2016). Question 9 Category: Sports Question: Which sport is played at the Wimbledon Championships? Options: A) Cricket B) Rugby C) Tennis D) Golf Correct Answer: C) Tennis Explanation: Wimbledon, held annually in London, is the oldest and one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world. Question 10 Category: Technology Question: In web development, what does the acronym “CSS” stand for? Options: A) Computer Style System B) Cascading Style Sheets C) Creative Script Syntax D) Centralized Style Standard Correct Answer: B) Cascading Style Sheets Explanation: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and format the appearance of web pages written in HTML.

Syntaxes in Old German and Roman languages PLAN: 1. The syntactic structure of Old German and Roman languages 2. Principal features of Old German and Roman languages Key words: syntax, Indo-European language, Old German language syntax,

Let them spell the following words: Zaire, zero-defect, unciform,subcutaneous, Red Cloud, roman-fleuve, preeclampsia , preadolescence ,

Classic A highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time 32. Classical, Classicism Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint 33. Climax The high point, or turning point, of a story or play 34. Coming-of-age story / novel A tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. The character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, does of reality, or any other experiences that alter his or her emotional or intellectual maturity 35. Conceit A witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language 36. Connotation The suggested or implied meaning of a word or phrase. Contrast with denotation 37. Consonance The repetition of two or more consonant sounds in a group of words or a line of poetry 38. Couplet A pair of rhyming lines in a poem Denotation The dictionary definition of a word. Contrast with connotation 40. Denouement The resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work of fiction 41. Deus Ex Machina In literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem 42. Diction The choice of words in oral and written discourse

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